Open RN Medical Terminology 2e — Chapter Glossaries
All 1514 glossary terms from Medical Terminology, 2nd edition (2e), copied word for word and verified against the source.
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0–9
24-hour urine collection test (twehn-tee fôr hour yŭ-rēn kŏ-lĕk-shŭn tĕst)
A diagnostic procedure where all urine output is collected over a 24-hour period to analyze components such as protein, creatinine, and other substances for evaluating kidney function. (Chapter 5.7)
A
Abdominopelvic cavity
Part of the ventral (anterior) cavity; the abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body and houses the digestive organs, the pelvic cavity, and the reproductive organs. (Chapter 2.3)
Abduction (ăb-DŬK-shŏn)
The movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body or from another part. (Chapter 14.5)
Abnormal vaginal bleeding (ăb-nŏr-măl vă-jĭ-năl blēd-ing)
Unusual bleeding from the vagina, including very heavy menstrual flow, bleeding between cycles, or prolonged bleeding. (Chapter 7.6)
Abortion (ă-BOR-shŏn) (AB)
The termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it is viable. (Chapter 8.4)
Abrasion (ă-BRĀ-zhŏn)
A wound caused by superficial damage to the skin by scraping or wearing away. (Chapter 3.5)
Abscess (ĂB-sĕs)
A swollen area within body tissue containing an accumulation of pus. (Chapter 3.5)
Absorption (ab-SORP-shŏn)
The process in which nutrients enter the bloodstream after food molecules have been broken down during chemical digestion. (Chapter 12.5)
Abstract reasoning (ăb-străkt RĒ-zŏn-ĭng)
The ability to analyze information, detect patterns and relationships, and solve problems on a complex, intangible level. (Chapter 16.5)
Acetabulum (ăs-ĕ-TĂB-yŭ-lŭm)
The socket of the hip bone, into which the head of the femur fits. (Chapter 13.4)
Achilles tendon (ə-KĬL-ēz TĔN-dŏn)
A tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body, attaching the calf muscles to the heel bone. (Chapter 14.4)
Acne (AK-nē)
A common skin condition characterized by the presence of pimples on the face, chest, and back due to inflammation or infection of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles. (Chapter 3.5)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (ādz ăk-wīrd ĭm-yū-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē sĭn-drōm) (AIDS)
A disease caused by HIV leading to a significant weakening of the immune system. (Chapter 11.6)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (ă-KWĪRD im-yū-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē SĬN-drōm) (AIDS)
A potentially life-threatening disease that is caused by infection with HIV commonly transmitted in infected blood especially during illicit intravenous drug use and in bodily secretions during sexual intercourse. (Chapter 6.6)
Acromegaly (ak-rō-MEG-ă-lē)
A disorder in adults caused by excessive production of growth hormone, leading to enlargement of bones in face, hands, and feet. (Chapter 17.6)
Acromion (ă-KRŌ-mē-ŏn)
An extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder. (Chapter 13.4)
Actin (ĂK-tin)
A protein that forms (along with myosin) the contractile filaments of muscle cells and is involved in motion in other types of cells. (Chapter 14.4)
Active range of motion (ăk-tĭv rānj ŏv mō-shŏn) (AROM)
The degree of movement a joint can be moved by a muscle contraction. (Chapter 14.7)
Acute coronary syndrome (ə-KYŪT KOR-ŏ-nā-rē SĬN-drōm) (ACS)
A term used to describe a range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart, including myocardial infarction. (Chapter 9.6)
Acute kidney failure (ā-kūt kĭd-nē fāl-yŭr) (ARF)
A rapid loss of kidney function, often within 2 days, due to various causes such as decreased blood flow to the kidneys, infections, and blockages. (Chapter 5.6)
Adaptive equipment (ă-DĂP-tĭv ĭ-KWĬP-mĕnt)
Devices or tools used to assist individuals with disabilities in performing tasks and activities, aiming to enhance independence and functionality. (Chapter 14.6)
Adaptive immune response (ă-dăp-tĭv ĭ-mūn rĭ-spŏns)
It is activated when the innate immune response is insufficient to control an infection. It requires exposure to a pathogen to recognize it as a threat, leading to the development of memory cells for future defense. (Chapter 11.5)
Addison’s disease (ăd-ĭ-Sŏnz dĭ-ZĒZ)
A disorder where the adrenal glands produce insufficient cortisol and aldosterone, leading to symptoms like hypoglycemia and hypotension. (Chapter 17.6)
Adduction (ă-DŬK-shŏn)
The movement of a body part toward the body’s midline. (Chapter 14.5)
Adenocarcinoma in situ (ăd-ĕ-nō-kăr-sĭ-NŌ-mă ĭn SĪ-tū)
A condition where advanced, precancerous cells are found in the glandular tissue of the cervix. (Chapter 7.6)
Adenoid (ĂD-ĕ-noyd)
Lymphatic tissue between the back of the nasal cavity and the pharynx. (Chapter 4.4)
Adenoidectomy (ăd-ĕ-noid-ĔK-tŏ-mē)
The surgical removal of the adenoid, which is located behind the nasal cavity, often performed along with a tonsillectomy. (Chapter 11.7)
Adenoiditis (ad-ĕ-noyd-ĪT-is)
Inflammation of the adenoids. (Chapter 4.4)
Adenoma (ăd-ĕ-NŌ-mă)
A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue. (Chapter 17.6)
Adhesion (ad-HĒ-zhŏn)
Scar tissue from disease or previous surgery that binds anatomical surfaces to each other. (Chapter 12.5)
Adipose (ĂD-ĭ-pōs)
Pertaining to fat or fatty tissue. (Chapter 3.4)
Adnexa (ăd-NĔK-să)
The accessory structures of the uterus, including the fallopian tubes and ovaries. (Chapter 7.5)
Adrenal cortex (ă-DRĒ-nal KŌR-tĕks)
The outer portion of the adrenal glands that produces hormones like cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. (Chapter 17.4)
Adrenal glands (ă-DRĒ-nal glandz)
Endocrine glands located on top of each kidney, consisting of the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, producing various hormones including aldosterone, cortisol, and catecholamines. (Chapter 17.4)
Adrenal insufficiency (ă-drē-năl ĭn-sŭ-fĭsh-ĕn-sē)
A medical condition where the adrenal glands fail to produce sufficient amounts of steroid hormones, particularly cortisol and aldosterone, leading to symptoms like fatigue, muscle weakness, and low blood pressure. (Chapter 17.6)
Adrenalectomy (ăd-rē-năl-ĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical excision of one or more of the adrenal glands. (Chapter 17.7)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ă-drē-nō-kôr-tĭ-kō-TRŌP-ik HŌR-mōn) (ACTH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones. (Chapter 17.4)
Albinism (ĂL-bĭ-nĭz-əm)
A group of inherited disorders characterized by little or no melanin production causing individuals to appear white or very pale. (Chapter 3.5)
Aldosterone (ăl-DŌS-tĕ-rōn)
A hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance by signaling the kidneys to absorb sodium and excrete potassium. (Chapter 17.4)
Allergens (AL-ĕr-jĕnz)
Substances that are usually harmless but can cause allergic responses in some people. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, pet dander, certain foods, and insect venom. (Chapter 11.6)
Allergies (ĂL-ĕr-jēz)
A condition in which the immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. (Chapter 4.6)
Allergist (AL-ĕr-jist)
A physician specializing in the study and treatment of allergies. (Chapter 11.7)
Allergy (AL-ĕr-jē)
An inflammatory response due to hypersensitivity to a substance that most people’s bodies perceive as harmless, such as pollen or certain foods. Histamine release during the immune response is a primary cause of allergy symptoms. (Chapter 11.6)
Alopecia (ăl-ō-PĒ-shē-ă)
A condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, typically the scalp. (Chapter 3.4)
Alveolar (ăl-VĒ-ŏ-lăr)
Pertaining to the alveoli, the small air sacs in the lungs responsible for gas exchange. (Chapter 4.4)
Alveoli (ăl-VĒ-ō-lī)
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place. (Chapter 4.4)
Alzheimer’s disease (ălts-hī-mĕrz dĭ-zēz) (AD)
A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, language deterioration, and impaired ability to mentally manipulate visual information. (Chapter 16.6)
Amblyopia (am-blē-Ō-pē-ă)
Often called “lazy eye,” a vision development disorder where an eye fails to achieve normal visual acuity. (Chapter 15.5)
Amenorrhea (ā-men-ŏ-RĒ-ă)
The absence of menstrual flow. (Chapter 7.5)
Amino acids (Ā-mē-nō AS-idz)
Molecules that combine to form proteins. (Chapter 12.5)
Amniocentesis (am-nē-ō-sen-TĒ-sĭs)
A procedure that removes and tests amniotic fluid for fetal abnormalities. (Chapter 8.6)
Amylase (ĀM-ĭ-lās)
An enzyme, produced chiefly in the pancreas and salivary glands, that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars. (Chapter 12.4)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ā-mī-ō-TRŎF-ik LĂT-ĕr-ăl sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs) (ALS)
A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness and atrophy. (Chapter 16.6)
Anal (ĀN-ăl)
Pertaining to the anus, the opening at the end of the digestive tract from which feces exit the body. (Chapter 12.4)
Anaphylaxis (ăn-ă-fĭ-LĂK-sĭs)
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. (Chapter 4.6)
Anaphylaxis (ăn-ă-fĭ-LĂK-sĭs)
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Treatment often involves epinephrine administration. (Chapter 11.6)
Anastomosis (ăn-ăs-tō-MŌ-sĭs)
A surgical connection between two tubes, vessels, or ducts. (Chapter 12.6)
Anatomical view of the body
A standardized view of the human body used for precise documentation and communication, in the position of standing upright with the feet at shoulder width and parallel and toes facing forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side of the body, and the palms of the hands face forward. (Chapter 2.6)
Anatomy
The structure of body systems. (Chapter 2.2)
Androgen (AN-drŏ-jĕn)
Hormones that stimulate or control the development of male characteristics; includes testosterone. (Chapter 6.4, Chapter 6.5)
Androgens (ĂN-drō-jĕnz)
Male sex hormones produced in small amounts by both sexes, primarily in the adrenal cortex, and involved in the development of male characteristics. (Chapter 17.4)
Anemia (ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
A blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen delivery to body tissues and symptoms like fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. (Chapter 10.6)
Anesthesia (an-ĕs-THĒ-zhă)
The loss of sensation or feeling in a part or all of the body, often induced for medical procedures. (Chapter 16.5)
Aneurysm (AN-yŭ-rizm)
A dilation or bulging of a blood vessel caused by weakened vessel walls, potentially leading to rupture. (Chapter 9.6)
Angina (an-JĪ-nă)
Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, often associated with coronary artery disease. (Chapter 9.6)
Angioplasty (AN-jee-ō-plas-tē)
A procedure to restore blood flow through the artery by inserting and inflating a tiny balloon; it may also involve placing a stent to keep the artery open. (Chapter 9.6, Chapter 9.7)
Anhidrosis (ăn-hī-DRŌ-sĭs)
Inability to sweat normally, which can lead to overheating. (Chapter 3.4)
Anorchism (ă-NOR-kĭzm)
The absence of one or both testes. (Chapter 6.4)
Anosmia (a-NŌZ-mē-ă)
Loss or impairment of the sense of smell, which can be temporary or permanent. (Chapter 15.5)
Anovulation (an-ov-yŭ-LĀ-shŏn)
The absence of ovulation when an egg is not released from the ovaries. (Chapter 7.5)
Anterior
The front or direction toward the front of the body. For example, the kneecap is on the anterior side of the leg. (Chapter 2.6)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ăn-TĪR-ē-ŏr KRŪ-shē-āt LĬG-ă-mĕnt) (ACL)
A ligament in the knee joint that connects the femur to the tibia and crosses in front of the PCL that provides stability to the knee. (Chapter 13.4)
Antibodies (ANT-i-bod-ēz)
Proteins that are very specific to the antigens they recognize and destroy, fitting onto the antigen like a key to a lock. (Chapter 11.5)
Anticoagulant (ăn-tī-kō-AG-yū-lănt)
A substance or medication that prevents or reduces coagulation of blood, thereby prolonging the clotting time. (Chapter 10.5)
Antidiuretic hormone (ăn-tī-dī-yū-RĔT-ik HŌR-mōn) (ADH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys. (Chapter 17.4)
Antigens (ĂN-tĭ-jĕnz)
Markers that tell the immune system whether something in the body is harmful or not, found on viruses, bacteria, cancer cells, and even normal cells of the body. (Chapter 11.5)
Anuria (ă-NOOR-ē-ă)
The absence of urine output, often seen in severe kidney failure, defined as less than 50 mL of urine over a 24-hour period. (Chapter 5.5)
Anus (Ā-nŭs)
The opening at the end of the digestive tract where feces leave the body. (Chapter 12.4)
Aortic insufficiency (ā-OR-tĭk in-sŭ-FISH-ĕn-sē)
A condition where the aortic valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward into the heart. (Chapter 9.6)
Apex (Ā-peks)
The inferior tip of the heart, located just to the left of the sternum between the junction of the fourth and fifth ribs. (Chapter 9.4)
Apgar score (AP-gar skōr)
A quick test performed on a newborn baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to assess the baby’s heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, skin color, and reflexes. (Chapter 8.4)
Aphasia (ă-FĀ-zh-ē-ă)
A condition characterized by either partial or total loss of the ability to communicate verbally or using written words. (Chapter 16.5)
Apheresis (ăf-ĕ-RĒ-sĭs)
A procedure where a specific component of blood is removed from a donor, and the remaining components are returned to the donor. (Chapter 10.7)
Aplastic anemia (ā-PLAS-tĭk ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
A bone marrow condition causing insufficient production of red blood cells. (Chapter 10.6)
Apnea (ĂP-nē-ă)
Absence of breathing. (Chapter 4.5)
Apocrine sweat glands (ĂP-ō-krĭn swĕt glănds)
Sweat glands that produce a more viscous sweat; found in the armpit and genital areas. (Chapter 3.4)
Apoptosis (ap-ŏp-TŌ-sĭs)
Programmed cell death that is disrupted in some cancers, allowing malignant cells to avoid natural cell death and continue uncontrolled growth. (Chapter 11.6)
Appendectomy (ap-ĕn-DEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the appendix. (Chapter 12.4)
Appendicitis (ă-pen-dĭ-SĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the appendix. (Chapter 12.4)
Appendix (ă-PEN-diks)
A tube-shaped sac attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Arrhythmia (ā-RITH-mē-ă)
An abnormal heart rhythm resulting from variations in the normal sequence of electrical impulses. (Chapter 9.6)
Arterial blood gas (ar-TĬR-ē-ăl blŭd găs)
A test that measures the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. It is used to check how well the lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. (Chapter 4.7)
Arterioles (ar-TĒR-ē-ōlz)
Small branches of an artery leading into capillaries. (Chapter 9.4)
Artery (AR-tĕr-ē)
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart, branching into smaller vessels called arterioles. (Chapter 9.4)
Arthritis (är-THRĪ-tĭs)
A general term for conditions affecting the joints and surrounding tissues, leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited movement. It includes various types such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. (Chapter 13.6)
Arthrocentesis (ar-thrō-sen-TĒ-sĭs)
A surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint, such as the knee. (Chapter 13.7)
Arthrodesis (ar-THROD-ĕ-sĭs)
The surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones. (Chapter 13.7)
Arthroplasty (AR-thrŏ-plas-tē)
Surgical repair of a joint. (Chapter 13.7)
Arthroscopy (är-THRŌ-skō-pē)
A common procedure performed by orthopedic surgeons to view the inside of a joint to diagnose and/or to repair joint problems. (Chapter 13.7)
Articular disks (är-TĬK-yŭ-lăr dĭsks)
Fibrocartilage structures in some synovial joints that act as cushions and improve the fit between the bones. (Chapter 13.4)
Ascending colon (ă-SEN-ding KŌ-lŏn)
The first part of the colon which travels upward on the right side of the abdomen. (Chapter 12.4)
Ascites (ă-SĪ-tēz)
Abnormal fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity, causing abdominal swelling, often due to liver disease or cancer. (Chapter 12.5, Chapter 12.6)
Aspermia (ā-SPUR-mē-ă)
The complete absence of semen, a rare condition affecting male fertility. (Chapter 6.6)
Asphyxia (ăs-FĬK-sē-ă)
A condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing unconsciousness or death; suffocation. (Chapter 4.5)
Aspirate (ĂS-pĭ-rāt)
To draw in or out using a sucking motion, typically refers to the process of drawing fluid or tissue samples from the body. (Chapter 4.7)
Aspiration (ăs-pĭ-RĀ-shŭn)
The inhalation of food, liquid, or other material into the respiratory tract. (Chapter 4.4)
Assistive equipment (ă-SĬS-tĭv ĭ-KWĬP-mĕnt)
Tools or devices that aid in performing daily tasks and activities, especially designed for people with disabilities, similar to adaptive equipment but may include a broader range of tools. (Chapter 14.6)
Asthma (ĂZ-mă)
A condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow, and swell, producing extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe. (Chapter 4.6)
Asthma attacks (ĂZ-mă ă-TĂKS)
Episodes of severe asthma symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. (Chapter 4.6)
Astigmatism (ă-STIG-mă-tizm)
A vision condition that causes blurred vision due to the irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. (Chapter 15.5)
Ataxia (ă-TĂK-sē-ă)
The lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects. (Chapter 14.6)
Atelectasis (ăt-ĕ-lĔK-tă-sĭs)
The collapse of part or all of a lung, often caused by a blockage of the air passages or by pressure on the outside of the lung. (Chapter 4.4)
Atherosclerosis (ă-thĕr-ō-sklĕ-RO-sĭs)
Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the buildup of cholesterol and other fats, known as plaque, within the lining of the arteries. (Chapter 9.6)
Atrial fibrillation (Ā-trē-ăl fĭb-rĭ-LĀ-shŏn) (A Fib)
A common type of arrhythmia characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atrial chambers of the heart. (Chapter 9.6)
Atrial septal defect (Ā-trē-ăl SĔP-tăl dĭ-FĔKT)
A congenital heart defect characterized by an opening in the septum between the left and right atria. (Chapter 9.6)
Atrophy (ĂT-rŏ-fē)
The gradual wasting away, decrease in size, or degeneration of muscle or tissue. (Chapter 14.6)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ă-tĕn-shŭn dĕf-ĭ-sĭt hī-pĕr-ăk-tĭv-ĭ-tē dĭs-ôr-dĕr) (ADHD)
A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development. (Chapter 16.6)
Audiogram (AW-dē-ō-gram)
A graphic record of the results of a hearing test, typically showing hearing sensitivity at different frequencies. (Chapter 15.6)
Audiologists (aw-dē-OL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Health care professionals specializing in diagnosing, managing, and treating hearing or balance problems. (Chapter 15.6)
Audiology (aw-dē-OL-ŏ-jē)
The study of hearing. (Chapter 15.6)
Audiometer (aw-dē-OM-ĕt-ĕr)
An electronic device used in audiometry to generate pure tones of controlled intensity for hearing testing. (Chapter 15.6)
Audiometry (aw-dē-OM-ĕ-trē)
The testing of a person’s hearing ability, usually by producing sounds of different frequencies and intensities. (Chapter 15.6)
Auricle (AW-rĭ-kl)
The large fleshy structure on the lateral aspect of the head, directing sound waves into the ear canal. (Chapter 15.4)
Auscultation (os-kŭl-TĀ-shŏn)
The process of listening to the internal sounds of the body, typically with a stethoscope, used in diagnosing conditions of the heart and lungs. (Chapter 9.4)
Autoimmune disease (OT-ō-im-yūn diz-ĒZ)
The inability of the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders, resulting in the production of antibodies that attack its own tissues. (Chapter 11.6)
Autoimmune reactions (ŏ-tō-ĭ-mūn rē-ăk-shŏns)
Responses within the body where the immune system mistakenly initiates a response against the body’s own healthy cells, tissues, or organs, failing to distinguish them from harmful invaders. (Chapter 11.6)
Automated external defibrillator (aw-tŏ-māt′-ĕd ĕks-tĕr′năl dē-fĭb′-rĭ-lā-tŏr) (AED)
A portable device used in emergencies to treat sudden cardiac arrest by administering an electric shock. (Chapter 9.6)
Axon (ăk-sŏn)
The long, slender projection of a nerve cell that typically conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron’s cell body. (Chapter 16.4)
Azoospermia (ā-zō-ŏ-SPĔR-mē-ă)
The absence of sperm in semen, often linked to infertility. (Chapter 6.5)
B
B cells (B sĕlz)
A type of lymphocyte that plays a significant role in the humoral immune response. (Chapter 11.4)
Bacteria (bak-TĒR-ē-a)
Members of a large group of microorganisms that have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease. (Chapter 3.5)
Balanitis (băl-ă-NĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the glans penis, often due to infection or irritation. (Chapter 6.7)
Barium enema (BĀR-ē-ŭm EN-ĕ-mă)
An X-ray exam that can detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon). (Chapter 12.7)
Barium swallow (BĀR-ē-ŭm SWŎL-ō)
A test that checks for problems in the throat, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. (Chapter 12.7)
Bartholin’s glands (BAR-tō-lĭns glăns)
Glands that secrete mucus to keep the vestibular area moist, located near the vaginal opening. (Chapter 7.4)
Basal cell carcinoma (BĀ-săl sel kar-sĭn-Ō-mă)
A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells of the skin and is usually caused by long-term exposure to UV radiation from sunlight; most common of all skin cancers. (Chapter 3.5)
Basal metabolic rate (BĀ-săl MĔT-ă-bŏl-ĭk RĀT) (BMR)
The rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing and temperature regulation. (Chapter 17.4)
Basophils (bā-sō-fĭls)
The least common type of white blood cell, playing a role in inflammatory responses, particularly those involving allergic reactions. (Chapter 10.4)
Below-the-knee amputation (bĭ-lō-thē-nē ăm-pyū-TĀ-shŏn) (BKA)
A procedure performed by an orthopedic surgeon who removes the foot, ankle, part of the tibia, fibula, and corresponding soft tissue structures. (Chapter 13.7)
Benign (bē-NĪN)
A term used to describe tumors or growths that are not cancerous and do not spread to other parts of the body. (Chapter 3.5)
Benign (bĭ-nīn)
Cells that overgrow and divide in a controlled manner, remaining localized to a certain area. They are less dangerous compared to malignant cells because they do not metastasize. (Chapter 11.6)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bē-NĪN prŏs-TĂT-ĭk hī-pĕr-PLĀ-zhē-ă) (BPH)
Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. (Chapter 6.6)
Beta endorphin (BĀ-tă ĕn-DŌR-fĭn)
A natural opioid peptide hormone produced in the brain and pituitary gland, involved in pain relief and feelings of well-being. (Chapter 17.4)
Biceps brachialis (BĪ-sĕps brā-kē-ĂL-ĭs)
A muscle in the upper arm that acts to flex the elbow, situated underneath the biceps brachii. (Chapter 14.4)
Biceps brachii (BĪ-sĕps BRĀ-kē-ī)
A muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow and rotates the forearm. (Chapter 14.4)
Bilateral
On both sides of the body. (Chapter 2.6)
Bilateral oophorectomy (bī-LĂT-ĕr-ăl ō-ŏ-fŏ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of both ovaries. (Chapter 7.7)
Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (bī-LĂT-ĕr-ăl săl-pĭng-gō-ō-ŏ-fŏ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of both ovaries and both Fallopian tubes. (Chapter 7.7)
Bile (BĪL)
A bitter, greenish-brown alkaline fluid that aids digestion, secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. (Chapter 12.4)
Bilevel positive airway pressure (BĪ-lĕv-ĕl PŎZ-ĭ-tĭv ĀR-wā PRĔSH-ŭr) (BiPAP)
A form of noninvasive ventilation that provides two levels of air pressure, one for inhalation and a lower one for exhalation, used in the treatment of sleep apnea and other respiratory problems. (Chapter 4.7)
Bilirubin (bil-ĭ-ROO-bin)
A yellowish pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of red blood cells. (Chapter 12.4)
Bilirubin (bĭl-ĭ-rōō-bĭn)
A yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates. High levels in the bloodstream can lead to jaundice. (Chapter 10.4)
Biophysical profile (BĪ-ō-FĬZ-ĭ-kăl PRO-fīl)
Fetal well-being assessment combining nonstress test results and ultrasound findings. (Chapter 8.6)
Biopsy (BĪ-op-sē)
The removal of tissue from the body for examination, usually to diagnose a disease. (Chapter 3.6)
Biopsy (BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A diagnostic procedure where tissue, fluid, or lymph nodes are removed for examination under a microscope. (Chapter 7.6)
Birthmark (BURTH-mark)
A benign irregularity on the skin present at birth or appearing shortly after birth. (Chapter 3.5)
Bladder (blăd-ĕr)
A muscular sac in the pelvis that stores urine from the kidneys before it is expelled from the body. (Chapter 5.4)
Bladder scan (blăd-ĕr skăn)
A non-invasive, portable medical device using ultrasound technology to estimate the volume of urine in the bladder. (Chapter 5.7)
Blister (BLĬS-tĕr)
A small bubble on the skin filled with serum and caused by friction, burning, or other damage. (Chapter 3.5)
Blood pressure (BLŬD PRESH-ŭr) (BP)
The force of blood against the walls of arteries, typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). (Chapter 9.5)
Blood product (blŭd prah-DUHKT)
Components of blood, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, used for transfusions. (Chapter 10.7)
Blood transfusion (blŭd tran-SFŪ-zhŏn)
A procedure that enables the transfer of blood products from one person to another. (Chapter 10.4)
Blood urea nitrogen (blŭd yū-rē-ă nī-trŏ-jĕn) (BUN)
A laboratory test measuring the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood, providing information about kidney and liver function. (Chapter 5.7)
Body (bŏd-ē)
The middle portion of the sternum (Chapter 13.4)
Boil (BOIL)
A painful, pus-filled bump under the skin often caused by an infected hair follicle. (Chapter 3.5)
Bolus (BŌL-ŭs)
A soft mass of food that is an appropriate size for swallowing. (Chapter 12.5)
Bone marrow (bōn MAR-ō)
The primary lymphoid organ where B cells and T cells mature and are selected to attack pathogens. All blood cells, including lymphocytes, are formed in the red bone marrow. (Chapter 11.5)
Bone marrow (bōn MAR-ō)
The soft, spongy tissue found inside bones, responsible for the production of blood cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Bone marrow aspiration (BŌn MĂR-rōw ă-spĭ-RĀ-shŏn)
The extraction of a small sample of liquid bone marrow for laboratory analysis to diagnose severe blood disorders like leukemia. (Chapter 10.7)
Bone marrow biopsy (BŌn MĂR-rōw BĪ-ŏp-sē)
Obtaining a core of bone and marrow tissue for examining the bone marrow space, often performed with bone marrow aspiration. (Chapter 10.7)
Bone marrow transplant (BŌn MĂR-rōw TRĂNS-plănt)
A treatment for severe hematological diseases or cancers like leukemia, involving the replacement of a patient’s bone marrow with healthy stem cells from a donor. (Chapter 10.7)
Bone mineral density (bōn mĭn-ĕr-ăl dĕn-sĭ-tē)
A test that measures calcium and other minerals in bone. (Chapter 13.7)
Bradycardia (brad-ē-KAR-dē-ă)
A heart rate that is slower than normal, less than 60 bpm in adults, which can be normal or indicative of an underlying condition. (Chapter 9.5, Chapter 9.6)
Bradykinesia (brād-ē-kĭ-NĒ-zē-ă)
Slowness of movement, a common symptom of Parkinson’s disease. (Chapter 14.5)
Bradypnea (brăd-ĬP-nē-ă)
Abnormally slow breathing. (Chapter 4.5)
Brain stem (brān stĕm)
The central trunk of the brain, consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, and continuing downward to form the spinal cord. (Chapter 16.4)
Braxton-Hicks (BRAX-tŏn HIKS)
Irregular, often painless contractions that occur throughout pregnancy, also known as false labor. (Chapter 8.4)
Breast cancer (brest KAN-sĕr)
Malignant tumors developing from breast tissue cells. (Chapter 7.6)
Breast magnetic resonance imaging (brĕst măg-NĔT-ĭk rĕz-ŏ-NĂNS ĬM-ă-jĭng (MRI)
A diagnostic imaging technique used to create detailed images of the breast tissue, often used in detecting and evaluating breast abnormalities. (Chapter 7.6)
Breast ultrasound (brĕst ŭl-tră-sound)
A diagnostic imaging technique using sound waves to create images of the breast tissue. (Chapter 7.6)
Breast-conserving surgery (brĕst kŏn-sĕr-vĭng sŭr-jĕr-ē)
Surgical procedure removing only the cancerous part of the breast, not the entire breast. (Chapter 7.6)
Breech (brēch)
A fetal position where the buttocks or feet are positioned to be delivered first rather than the head. (Chapter 8.4)
Broca’s area (brō-kăz ăr-ē-ă)
A region in the frontal lobe of the brain with functions linked to speech production. (Chapter 16.4)
Bronchi (BRŎNG-kī)
The main passageways into the lungs. (Chapter 4.4)
Bronchial washing (BRŎNG-kē-ăl WŎSH-ing)
A procedure during bronchoscopy where saline is squirted into a part of the lung and then recollected for examination. It’s used to collect cells from the bronchial tubes. (Chapter 4.7)
Bronchioles (BRŎNG-kē-ōlz)
Small branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli in the lungs. (Chapter 4.4)
Bronchiolitis (brŏng-kē-ŎL-ĭ-tĭs)
An inflammation of the small airways in the lungs, known as bronchioles, usually due to a viral infection. It is most common in infants and young children, particularly during the winter months, and can cause symptoms like wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. (Chapter 4.6)
Bronchitis (brŏng-KĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often resulting from infection or environmental factors like smoking. (Chapter 4.4)
Bronchodilator (brŏng-kō-DĪ-lā-tŏr)
A drug that relaxes bronchial muscle resulting in expansion of the bronchial air passages, used in conditions like asthma. (Chapter 4.6)
Bronchoscope (BRŎNG-kŏ-skōp)
A medical instrument with a light and camera used for examining the inside of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs. (Chapter 4.7)
Bronchoscopy (brŏng-KŎS-kŏ-pē)
A procedure that allows a doctor to look at the airway through a thin viewing instrument called a bronchoscope. (Chapter 4.4)
Bronchospasm (BRŎNG-kō-spăz-ŭm)
The sudden constriction of the muscles in the bronchial walls. (Chapter 4.4)
Bruise (BRŪZ)
Also referred to as a contusion; an injury appearing as an area of discolored skin on the body, caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels. (Chapter 3.5)
Bruit (BRWĒ)
An abnormal sound or murmur heard during auscultation of an artery, often due to atherosclerosis or narrowing. (Chapter 9.6)
Bulbourethral glands (bul-bō-Ū-rĒ-thrăl glandz)
Glands that produce a fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acidity due to urine. (Chapter 6.4)
Bulla (BŬL-lă)
A large blister. (Chapter 3.5)
Burn (bûrn)
An injury caused by exposure to heat, flame, radiation, electricity, or chemicals. (Chapter 3.5)
Bursa (BŬR-să)
A small fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between a bone and other moving parts, such as muscles, tendons, or skin. (Chapter 13.4)
Bursectomy (bŭr-SĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of a bursa. (Chapter 13.4)
Bursitis (bŭr-SĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of a bursa, usually occurring in the knee, elbow, or shoulder. (Chapter 13.4)
C
Calcaneus (kăl-KĀ-nē-ŭs)
The heel bone. (Chapter 13.4)
Calcitonin (kăl-sĭ-TŌ-nĭn)
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that helps regulate calcium levels in the blood by reducing the concentration of calcium. (Chapter 17.4)
Calcium (KĂL-sē-ŭm) (Ca+)
A mineral essential for developing and maintaining healthy bones and teeth. (Chapter 13.4)
Calluses (KĂL-ū-ses)
Thickened and hardened parts of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction. (Chapter 3.5)
Cancer (KĂN-sŏr)
Abnormal cells that overgrow and have the ability to invade and harm tissues. Malignant cells differ from benign cells in that they exhibit uncontrolled growth and have the potential to metastasize. (Chapter 11.6)
Cancer (KĂN-sŏr)
A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. (Chapter 4.6)
Capillary (KAP-ĭ-lār-ē)
A microscopic channel that supplies blood to the tissue cells and connects arterioles with venules. (Chapter 9.4)
Cardiac ablation (kär′dē-ăk ă-BLĀ-shŏn)
A procedure used to destroy problematic heart tissue that causes irregular heartbeats. (Chapter 9.7)
Cardiac arrest (KAR-dē-ăk ăr-REST)
A sudden cessation of heart function, often due to arrhythmias. (Chapter 9.6)
Cardiac catheterization (kär′dē-ăk kăth-ĕ-tĕr-ĭ-ZĀ-shŏn)
A diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is inserted into a large blood vessel that leads to the heart. (Chapter 9.7)
Cardiac muscle (KÄR-dē-ăk MŬS-ăl)
Specialized, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. (Chapter 14.4)
Cardiac output (KAR-dē-ăk OUT-put)
The amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. (Chapter 9.5)
Cardiac stress test (kär′-dē-ăk strĕs tĕst)
A test that measures the heart’s ability to respond to external stress in a controlled clinical environment. (Chapter 9.7)
Cardiologist (kar-dē-OL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases and conditions. (Chapter 9.7)
Cardiology (kăr-dē-ŏl′ō-jē)
The study of the heart and its functions in health and disease. (Chapter 9.7)
Cardiomyopathy (kar-dē-ō-my-OP-ă-thē)
A group of diseases that affect the heart muscle, leading to impaired cardiac function. (Chapter 9.6)
Carotid endarterectomy (kă-rŏt-ĭd ĕnd-ăr-tĕr-ĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove plaque from the carotid arteries and restore blood flow to the brain, often used to prevent stroke. (Chapter 16.7)
Carpal tunnel syndrome (KÄR-păl TŬN-ĕl SĬN-drōm)
A condition caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel of the wrist, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand. (Chapter 16.6)
Carpals (KĂR-pălz)
The bones of the wrist. (Chapter 13.4)
Cartilage (KĂR-tĭ-lĭj)
A resilient and smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects the ends of bones at joints. (Chapter 13.4)
Cartilaginous joints (kär-tĭ-LĂJ-ĭ-nŭs joints)
Joints where bones are connected by cartilage, allowing more movement than fibrous joints but less than synovial joints. (Chapter 13.4)
Cataract (KAT-ă-rakt)
A progressive disease of the lens causing cloudiness and lack of transparency, leading to vision impairment. (Chapter 15.5)
Catecholamines (kăt-ĕ-KŌL-ă-mēns)
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are involved in the body’s stress response. (Chapter 17.4)
Cauterization (KAW-tĕr-īz-a-shŏn)
A medical procedure used to burn tissue to stop bleeding or to remove a lesion. (Chapter 3.6)
CBC with differential (CBC wĭth Dĭf-ĕ-REN-shăl)
A CBC test that includes an additional measurement of the different types of white blood cells, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. (Chapter 10.7)
CD4 T cells (sē-dē fôr tē sĕlz)
Helper T cells whose levels decline steadily in HIV-positive individuals, leading to weakened immune response. (Chapter 11.6)
Cecum (SĒ-kŭm)
The first section of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens. (Chapter 12.4)
Celiac disease (SĒ-lē-ăk dĭ-ZĒZ)
A serious autoimmune disorder that can occur in genetically predisposed people where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. (Chapter 12.6)
Cell body (sĕl bŏd-ē)
The spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and connects to the dendrites and axon. (Chapter 16.4)
Cell-mediated response (Sĕl-mēd-ē-āt-ed rĭ-spŏns)
An immune response that involves T cells destroying abnormal cells when nonspecific innate immunity and humoral immunity are not effective. (Chapter 11.5)
Cellulitis (sĕl-yū-LĪ-tĭs)
A bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue characterized by redness, pain, heat, and swelling. (Chapter 3.5)
Central nervous system (SEN-trăl NŬR-vŭs SĬS-tĕm) (CNS)
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing and transmitting information throughout the body. (Chapter 16.4)
Cephalic presentation (sĕ-FAL-ĭk prē-zen-TĀ-shŏn)
The common childbirth position where the baby’s head comes out first. (Chapter 8.4)
Cephalic version (sĕ-FAL-ĭk VĔR-zhŏn)
A procedure used to turn a fetus from a breech position or side-lying position into a head-down (cephalic) position before labor begins. (Chapter 8.4)
Cerclage (sĕr-KLĂZH)
A procedure in which the cervix is stitched shut to prevent dilation and premature delivery. (Chapter 8.5)
Cerebellum (sĕr-ĕ-bĕl-ŭm)
A major structure of the hindbrain that is responsible for fine motor coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone. (Chapter 16.4)
Cerebral angiography (SĚR-ē-brăl ăn-jē-ŎG-ră-fē)
A diagnostic imaging technique that uses X-rays to visualize blood flow in the arteries and veins in the brain. (Chapter 16.7)
Cerebral cortex (sĕ-RĒ-brăl KÔR-tĕks)
The outer layer of the cerebrum, playing a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness. (Chapter 16.4)
Cerebral palsy (sĕr-Ē-brăl pôl-zē) (CP)
A group of disorders affecting movement and muscle tone or posture caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth. (Chapter 14.6)
Cerebrovascular accident (sĕr-ĕ-brō-VĂS-kyŭ-lăr ăk-sĭ-dĕnt) (CVA)
Also known as a stroke, it is the sudden death of brain cells due to lack of oxygen, caused by blockage of blood flow or rupture of an artery in the brain. (Chapter 16.6)
Cerebrovascular disease (sĕr′-brō-VAS-kyū-lăr dĭ-ZĒZ) (CVD)
A group of conditions affecting the blood vessels and blood supply to the brain, including stroke. (Chapter 9.6)
Cerebrum (sĕ-RĒ-brŭm)
The largest part of the brain, responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. (Chapter 16.4)
Certified nurse-midwife (SĔR-tĭ-fīd NŬRS mĭd-wīf) (CNM)
An advanced practice registered nurse who provides prenatal, delivery, postpartum and gynecological care. (Chapter 8.6)
Cerumen impaction (sĕ-ROO-mĕn Im-PĂK-shŭn)
The buildup of earwax (cerumen) in the ear canal, which can lead to symptoms such as hearing loss, tinnitus, or discomfort. (Chapter 15.5)
Cervical (SŬR-vĭ-kăl)
Pertaining to the neck or the cervical vertebrae in the neck region. (Chapter 13.4)
Cervical cancer (SĔR-vi-kăl KAN-sĕr)
Cancer arising from the cervix, often associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. (Chapter 7.6)
Cervix (SĔR-vĭks)
The lower part of the uterus, connecting the uterus to the vagina. (Chapter 7.4)
Cesarean section (si-ZAR-ē-ăn SEK-shŏn) (C section)
A surgical procedure in which one or more incisions are made through a mother’s abdomen (laparotomy) and uterus (hysterotomy) to deliver one or more babies. (Chapter 8.4)
Chemotherapy (KĒ-mō-THĔR-ă-pē)
The use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, typically by stopping their ability to grow and divide. (Chapter 6.6)
Chemotherapy (kē-mō-THĔR-ă-pē)
The use of drugs to destroy or inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. (Chapter 7.6)
Chest X-rays (chĕst ĕks-rāz) (CXR)
An imaging test that uses small amounts of radiation to produce pictures of the organs, bones, and tissues in the chest area; also called radiographs. (Chapter 4.6)
Chiropractors (kī-RŎP-răk-tŏrs)
Health care professionals focused on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders, with an emphasis on treatment through manual adjustment and/or manipulation of the spine. (Chapter 14.7)
Chlamydia (klă-MĬD-ē-ă)
A common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. (Chapter 6.6)
Cholecystectomy (kō-lĕ-sis-TEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the gallbladder. (Chapter 12.6)
Cholecystitis (kō-lĕ-sis-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to a gallstone blocking the cystic duct. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.6)
Cholelithiasis (kō-li-lith-Ī-ă-sĭs)
The formation of gallstones in the gallbladder. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.6)
Chronic bronchitis (KRŎN-ĭk brŏng-KĪ-tĭs)
A form of bronchitis characterized by chronic cough and mucus production for at least three months in two consecutive years. (Chapter 4.6)
Chronic kidney disease (KRŎN-ĭk kĭd-nē dĭ-ZĒZ) (CKD)
A long-term condition where the kidneys progressively lose their ability to filter and eliminate waste products and excess fluids from the body. (Chapter 5.6)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (KRŎN-ĭk ŏb-STRŬK-tĭv PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē dĭ-ZĒZ) (COPD)
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe. (Chapter 4.6)
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (KRŎN-ĭk trô-măt-ĭk ĕn-sĕf-ăl-ŌP-ă-thē) (CTE)
A brain condition associated with repeated blows to the head and repeated episodes of concussion. (Chapter 16.6)
Chyle (kīl)
A milky bodily fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats, absorbed from the intestines during digestion. (Chapter 11.4)
Chyme (KĪM)
The pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food. (Chapter 12.4)
Circumcision (sĭr-kŭm-SIZH-ŏn)
The surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis. (Chapter 6.4, Chapter 6.7)
Cirrhosis (sĭr-RŌ-sĭs)
A chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of tissue. It is often caused by alcoholism or hepatitis. (Chapter 12.6)
Clavicle (KLĂV-ĭ-kŭl)
The collarbone, a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum. (Chapter 13.4)
Clitoris (KLĬT-ŏ-rĭs)
Erectile tissue originating from the same fetal cells as the penis, containing abundant nerves important in sexual sensation and orgasm. (Chapter 7.4)
Closed or simple fracture (klōzd ōr sĭm-pŭl)
A type of bone fracture where the skin over the fracture site remains intact, and the bone does not pierce through the skin. (Chapter 13.6)
Coagulation (kō-ag-yū-LĀ-shŏn)
The process of blood clotting, an essential part of hemostasis, involving the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel to stop bleeding. (Chapter 10.5)
Coarctation (kō-ark-TĀ-shŏn)
A congenital condition characterized by the narrowing of the aorta, leading to reduced blood flow. (Chapter 9.6)
Coccyx (KŎK-sĭks)
The tailbone, formed by the fusion of coccygeal vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Cochlea (KŎK-lē-ă)
A part of the inner ear involved in hearing; it converts sound waves into neural signals. (Chapter 15.4)
Coitus (KŌ-ĭ-tŭs)
The sexual union of a male and female involving insertion of the penis into the vagina. (Chapter 6.4)
Cold knife conization (kŏn-Ī-ZĀ-shŏn)
A procedure using a scalpel or laser to remove a cone-shaped section of abnormal cervical tissue. (Chapter 7.6)
Colon cancer (KŌ-lŏn KAN-sĕr)
A type of cancer that occurs in the colon or rectum, part of the large intestine, where malignant cells form in the tissues of the colon. (Chapter 12.6)
Colon polyps (KŌ-lŏn PŎL-ĭps)
Small clumps of cells that form on the lining of the colon, which can become cancerous over time. (Chapter 12.6)
Colon resection surgery (KŌ-lŏn rĭ-SĔK-shŭn SUR-jĕr-ē)
A surgical procedure to remove a section of the colon. (Chapter 12.6)
Colon resection with colostomy (KŌ-lŏn rĭ-SĔK-shŭn wĭth kŏl-ŌS-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure where part of the colon is removed and the remaining colon is brought to the abdominal surface. (Chapter 12.6)
Colonoscopy (kŏl-ŏn-OS-kŏ-pē)
A test that allows your doctor to look at the inner lining of your large intestine (rectum and colon) using a thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope. (Chapter 12.7)
Colorectal surgeon (kō-lō-REK-tăl SUR-jĕn)
A doctor who specializes in the surgical treatment of conditions of the colon, rectum, and anus. (Chapter 12.7)
Colostomy (kŏ-LOS-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure that brings one end of the large intestine out through the abdominal wall to carry stool out of the body. (Chapter 12.6)
Colostrum (kŏ-LOS-trŭm)
A form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals in late pregnancy and the few days after giving birth. (Chapter 8.4)
Colposcopy (kŏl-PŎS-kō-pē)
A procedure using a lighted magnifying instrument to examine the cervix and potentially remove tissue for biopsy. (Chapter 7.6)
Combining form (CF)
When a word root (WR) is combined with a combining vowel, the word part is referred to as a combining form. (Chapter 1.2)
Combining vowel (CV)
A word component, typically the letter “o,” that helps with pronunciation. A combining vowel can connect a word root and a suffix or two word roots. (Chapter 1.2)
Comminuted (kŏm-ĭ-nū-tĕd)
A bone is crushed into pieces. (Chapter 13.6)
Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA)
MRSA infection occurring in people in the wider community. (Chapter 3.5)
Complete blood count (kŏm-PLĒT BLŬD kownt) (CBC)
A blood test that provides a comprehensive assessment of various blood components, including red and white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. (Chapter 10.7)
Computed tomography scan (kŏm-PYŌŌ-tĕd tŏ-mŎG-ră-fē skăn) (CT)
A medical imaging technique used to create detailed images of internal body structures, particularly useful for diagnosing diseases or conditions in the lungs and other thoracic structures. (Chapter 4.7)
Computed tomography scan of the kidney (kŏm-PYŌŌ-tĕd tŏ-mŏg-ră-fē skăn ăv thĕ kĭd-nē) (CT)
An imaging procedure using X-rays and computer technology to create detailed images of the kidneys. (Chapter 5.7)
Conception (kŏn-SEP-shŏn)
The moment when a sperm cell successfully fertilizes an ovum, leading to the beginning of a pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
Conception (kŏn-sĕp-shŏn)
The process of a sperm fertilizing an ovum, forming a zygote. (Chapter 7.5)
Concussion (kŏn-KŬSH-ŭn)
A type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head or body, a fall, or another injury that jars or shakes the brain inside the skull. (Chapter 16.6)
Condom (KON-dŭm)
A contraceptive device worn over the penis during sexual activity to prevent pregnancy and reduce the risk of STIs. (Chapter 6.5)
Conductive hearing loss (kŏn-DUC-tĭv HĒR-ing LŎS)
Hearing loss caused by problems with the ear canal, eardrum, or middle ear and its little bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes). (Chapter 15.5)
Congenital (kŏn-JĔN-ĭ-tăl)
A conditions present at birth, which can include a variety of heart disorders. (Chapter 9.6)
Congenital anomaly (kŏn-JĔN-ĭ-tăl ă-NOM-ă-lē)
A structural, functional, or metabolic abnormality present at birth that can lead to physical or mental disabilities. (Chapter 8.5)
Conjunctiva (kŏn-jŭnk-TI-va)
The inner surface of each lid, a thin membrane that extends over the white areas of the eye called the sclera, connecting the eyelids to the eyeball. (Chapter 15.4)
Conjunctivitis (kŏn-jŭnk-tĭ-VĪT-ĭs)
An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, causing redness, swelling, and often discharge in the eye. (Chapter 15.5)
Continuous positive airway pressure device (kŏn-TĬN-yū-ŭs POZ-ĭ-tĭv AIR-wā PRESS-ŭr dĭ-VĪS) (CPAP)
A type of therapy used in sleep apnea, in which air is supplied through a mask to keep airways open during sleep. (Chapter 4.6)
Contraception (kon-tră-SEP-shŏn)
Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy. (Chapter 7.5)
Contraction stress test (kŏn-TRAK-shŏn STRĒS test)
A test that monitors the fetal heart rate in response to induced contractions. (Chapter 8.6)
Contracture (kŏn-TRĂK-chŭr)
The permanent tightening of muscles, tendons, skin, and other tissues, leading to a decrease in flexibility and mobility. (Chapter 14.6)
Contralateral
Positioned on the opposite side. For example, the left arm and right arm are contralateral to each other. (Chapter 2.6)
Contusion (kon-TU-zhun)
A bruise that occurs when small veins and capillaries under the skin break, releasing blood into the surrounding tissue. (Chapter 10.6)
Contusion (kŏn-TOO-zhŏn)
A region of injured tissue or skin in which blood capillaries have been ruptured; a bruise. (Chapter 3.5)
Corn
A thickened area of skin with a central core, typically found on the toes. (Chapter 3.5)
Cornea (KOR-nē-ă)
The transparent front part of the eye covering the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber, playing a key role in focusing vision. (Chapter 15.4)
Coronary angiogram (KOR-ŏ-nā-rē AN-jee-ō-gram)
A procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see the heart’s blood vessels. (Chapter 9.7)
Coronary artery bypass (KOR-ŏ-nā-rē AR-tĕr-ē bī-păs)
A type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. (Chapter 9.7)
Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (KOR-ŏ-nā-rē AR-tĕr-ē bī-păs graft Sŭr-jĕr-ē) (CABG)
A surgical procedure used in coronary artery disease where blood flow is rerouted around a blocked artery. (Chapter 9.6)
Coronary artery disease (KOR-ŏ-nā-rē AR-tĕr-ē dĭ-ZĒZ) (CAD)
A condition where plaque buildup occurs in the coronary arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. (Chapter 9.6)
Corpus luteum (KŌR-pus LŪ-tē-um)
A temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is involved in the production of relatively high levels of progesterone and moderate levels of estrogen and inhibin A. (Chapter 7.5)
Cortisol (KŌR-tĭ-sŏl)
A glucocorticoid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex, playing a vital role in stress response, metabolism, and immune response regulation. (Chapter 17.4)
Cranial cavity
Part of the dorsal (posterior) cavity that houses the brain. (Chapter 2.3)
Cranial nerves (krā-nē-ăl nĕrvz)
The 12 pairs of nerves that emerge directly from the brain, as opposed to spinal nerves, with functions largely concerning the head and neck. (Chapter 16.4)
Cranioplasty (KRĀ-nē-ō-plăs-tē)
Surgical repair of the skull. (Chapter 13.4)
Craniotomy (krā-nē-ŌT-ō-mē)
A surgical procedure involving an incision through the cranium to access the brain. (Chapter 13.4)
Cranium (KRĀ-nē-ŭm)
The skull, especially the part encasing the brain. (Chapter 13.4)
Creatinine (krē-ĂT-ĭ-nēn)
A waste product from muscle metabolism, normally filtered by the kidneys and excreted in urine, used to measure kidney function. (Chapter 5.7)
Crepitus (krĕp-ĭ-tŭs)
Describes a popping, clicking, or crackling sound when moving a joint that is associated with osteoarthritis. It typically reflects air movement in the joint and is harmless. (Chapter 13.6)
Crohn’s disease (krōnz diz-ĒZ)
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract. (Chapter 12.6)
Crowning (KROWN-ĭng)
The appearance of the baby’s head at the vaginal opening during childbirth. (Chapter 8.4)
Cryotherapy (krī-ō-THĔR-ă-pē)
A treatment method using extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue. (Chapter 7.6)
Cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kĭd-izm)
A condition where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. (Chapter 6.4)
CT-guided needle biopsy (sē-tē GĪ-dĕd NĒ-dŭl BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure where a needle biopsy is performed with the guidance of computed tomography (CT) imaging to obtain a tissue sample from the lung or other internal organs. (Chapter 4.7)
Cushing’s disease (KŪSH-ĭngz dĭ-ZĒZ)
A condition caused by excessive cortisol production, often due to a pituitary tumor, leading to symptoms like weight gain and high blood sugar. (Chapter 17.6)
Cushing’s syndrome (KŪSH-ĭngz SĬN-drōm)
A condition characterized by the body’s prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, which may be caused by the use of steroid medication or by tumors that increase cortisol production. (Chapter 17.6)
Cuticle (KYŪ-tĭ-kĭl)
A protective thin layer of skin at the base of the fingernails and toenails. (Chapter 3.4)
Cyanosis (sī-ă-NŌ-sĭs)
A bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. (Chapter 3.5)
Cyanosis (sī-ă-NŌ-sĭs)
A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from poor circulation or inadequate oxygenation of the blood. (Chapter 4.6)
Cyanotic (sī-ă-NŎT-ĭk)
Pertaining to cyanosis; a bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood. (Chapter 4.6)
Cyst (sist)
A closed sac in or under the skin that contains fluid, air, or other substances. (Chapter 3.5)
Cystic fibrosis (SĬS-tĭk fī-BRŌ-sĭs)
A genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system, characterized by thick, sticky mucus that can clog airways and lead to respiratory and digestive problems. (Chapter 4.6)
Cystitis (sĭs-TĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the bladder, usually due to a urinary tract infection, causing symptoms like pain and increased urge to urinate. (Chapter 5.6)
Cystocele (SĬS-tō-sēl)
A prolapse of the bladder into the vagina, often referred to as an anterior vaginal prolapse. (Chapter 7.6)
Cystoscopy (sĭs-TŎS-kŏ-pē)
A diagnostic procedure where a cystoscope is used to visually examine the interior of the bladder and urethra. (Chapter 5.7)
Cytokines (SĪ-tō-kīnz)
Proteins secreted by cells that act as chemical messengers in immune responses, directing immune cells to respond to and initiate inflammation. (Chapter 11.5)
D
Dandruff (DĂN-drŭf)
The shedding of dead skin cells from the scalp. (Chapter 3.4)
Deamination (dē-am-ĭ-NĀ-shŏn)
The removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound, which occurs in the liver and forms ammonia and urea. (Chapter 5.5)
Debridement (di-BRĒD-mĕnt)
The removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound. (Chapter 3.5, Chapter 3.6)
Deep
A position or direction farther from the surface of the body. For example, the brain is deep in the skull. (Chapter 2.6)
Deep vein thrombosis (dēp vān throm-BOH-sĭs) (DVT)
The formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, predominantly in the legs, which can be a risk in pregnancy due to increased blood clotting. (Chapter 8.5)
Deep vein thrombosis (dēp vān THROM-bō-sĭs) (DVT)
A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs, which can be life-threatening if it dislodges and travels to the lungs. (Chapter 9.6)
Defecation (dĕf-ĕ-KĀ-shŏn)
The final step in digestion when undigested materials are expelled from the body as feces. (Chapter 12.5)
Defibrillator (dē-FIB-rĭ-lā-tŏr)
A device used to deliver an electric shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm. (Chapter 9.6)
Dehydration (dē-hī-DRĀ-shŏn)
Excessive water loss. (Chapter 3.4)
Deltoid (DĔL-toid)
A large, triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint and responsible for lifting the arm away from the body. (Chapter 14.4)
Dendrites (dĕn-drīts)
Extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them toward the cell body. (Chapter 16.4)
Dermabrasion (dûr-mă-BRĀ-shŏn)
A dermatological procedure that uses a rotating instrument to remove the outer layers of skin, typically on the face. (Chapter 3.6)
Dermatitis (dûr-mă-TĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the skin that can cause a rash, including various types such as contact dermatitis and dermatitis caused by dust. (Chapter 3.5)
Dermatoconiosis (dûr-mă-tō-kō-nē-Ō-sĭs)
A type of dermatitis caused by dust contacting the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Dermatofibroma (dĕr-mă-tō-fī-BRŌ-mă)
A common benign skin growth, often a small, firm nodular lesion on the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Dermatoheteroplasty (dûr-mă-tō-HĔT-ĕr-ō-plăs-tē)
Surgical repair of the skin using skin grafts from a donor. (Chapter 3.6)
Dermatologist (dûr-mă-TŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin disorders and diseases. (Chapter 3.6)
Dermis (DUR-mĭs)
The middle layer of skin, containing tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat glands. (Chapter 3.4)
Descending colon (dĕ-SEN-ding KŌ-lŏn)
The part of the colon that travels downward on the left side of the abdomen. (Chapter 12.4)
DEXA scan (DĔK-să skăn)
Shortened name for a central dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. These scans use radiation to measure how much calcium and other minerals are in a specific area of the bone. (Chapter 13.7)
Diabetes insipidus (dī-ă-BĒ-tēz in-SIP-ĭ-dŭs) (DI)
A condition characterized by excessive production of dilute urine, due to a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH). (Chapter 17.6)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) (dī-ă-BĒ-tēz MĔL-ĭ-tŭs)
A group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period due to insulin deficiency and/or resistance. (Chapter 17.6)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (dī-ă-BĔT-ĭk kē-tō-ăs-ĭ-DŌ-sĭs) (DKA)
A serious complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones, typically due to a severe lack of insulin. (Chapter 17.6)
Diabetic retinopathy (ret-ĭn-OP-ă-thē)
A complication of diabetes mellitus causing fluid leakage from blood vessels in the retina, leading to vision impairment. (Chapter 15.5)
Diagnostic mammogram (dī-ăg-nŏs-tĭk mă-mō-grăm)
An enhanced mammogram used when an area of the breast looks abnormal on a screening mammogram. (Chapter 7.6)
Diaphoresis (dī-ă-fŏ-RĒ-sĭs)
Excessive sweating, commonly associated with some cardiovascular events like a myocardial infarction. (Chapter 9.6)
Diaphoresis (dī-ă-fə-RĒ-sĭs)
Excessive sweating, commonly associated with shock and other medical emergency conditions. (Chapter 3.4)
Diastole (dī-AS-tŏ-lē)
The phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart muscles relax and the chambers fill with blood. (Chapter 9.5)
Digestion (dī-JĔS-tĭon)
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable units. (Chapter 12.4)
Digital rectal exam (dĭj-ĭ-tăl RĔK-tăl ĕgz-ăm)
A manual examination of the prostate gland through the rectum to check for abnormalities. (Chapter 6.6)
Dilation & Curettage (dī-LĀ-shŏn and kūr-ĕ-täj) (D&C)
A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the inside of the uterus. (Chapter 7.7)
Diplopia (dĭ-PLŌ-pē-ă)
Double vision. (Chapter 14.6)
Diskectomy (dĭs-KEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of an intervertebral disk. (Chapter 13.4)
Diskitis (dĭs-KĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of an intervertebral disk. (Chapter 13.4)
Dislocation (dĭs-lō-KĀ-shŏn)
A condition where the bones in a joint become displaced from their normal alignment. (Chapter 13.4)
Distal
A position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. For example, the hand is at the distal end of the forearm. (Chapter 2.6)
Distended (dĭs-TĔN-dĕd)
Stretched out or enlarged, often used to describe the bladder or abdomen when filled with fluid or gas. (Chapter 5.4)
Diuresis (dī-ū-RĒ-sĭs)
Increased or excessive production of urine, which can occur in various medical conditions. (Chapter 5.5)
Diuretic (dī-ū-RĒT-ĭk)
A substance or medication that increases the production and excretion of urine, used to treat conditions like high blood pressure. (Chapter 5.5)
Diverticula (dī-vĕr-TIK-yū-lă)
Small, bulging pouches that can form in the lining of the digestive system. (Chapter 12.6)
Diverticulitis (dī-vĕr-tik-yŭ-LĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the digestive tract. (Chapter 12.6)
Diverticulosis (dī-vĕr-tik-yŭ-LŌ-sĭs)
The condition of having diverticula in the colon. (Chapter 12.6)
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (dŏk-tŏr ŏf ŏs-tē-ŏ-PĂTH-ĭk mĕd-ĭ-sĭn (DO)
A medical specialist who uses a whole-person approach to help prevent illness and injury by looking beyond symptoms to understand how lifestyle and environmental factors impact a person’s well-being. They practice medicine according to science and technology, but also consider options to complement medications and surgery. (Chapter 13.7)
Dorsal (posterior) cavity
The body cavity that includes the cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavities. (Chapter 2.3)
Dorsiflexion (dôr-sĭ-FLĔK-shŏn)
The backward flexion or bending of a hand or foot. (Chapter 14.5)
Dorsum
The top of one’s hand or foot. (Chapter 2.6)
Duodenum (dū-ō-DĒ-nŭm)
The first section of the small intestine, immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum. (Chapter 12.4)
Dura mater (dŏŏ-ră mā-tĕr)
The thick, tough outer layer of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 16.4)
Dwarfism (DWÔR-fĭz-əm)
A condition characterized by short stature, often resulting from a genetic or medical condition, such as a deficiency in growth hormone. (Chapter 17.4)
Dysarthria (dĭs-ĂR-thrē-ă)
Slurred or slow speech that can be difficult to understand. (Chapter 14.6)
Dysentery (DIS-ĕn-ter-ē)
An inflammatory disorder of the intestine, especially of the colon, that results in severe diarrhea containing blood and mucus in the feces with fever, abdominal pain, and rectal tenesmus. (Chapter 12.5)
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (dĭs-fŭnk-shŭn-ăl yŪ-tĕr-ĭn blēd-ing)
Abnormal bleeding from the uterus, often due to hormonal imbalances. (Chapter 7.6)
Dyskinesia (dĭs-kĭ-NĒ-zē-ă)
Abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement. (Chapter 14.5, Chapter 14.6)
Dysmenorrhea (dĭs-mĕn-ŏ-RĒ-ă)
Painful menstruation, often with cramps. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 7.6)
Dysparenuria (dĭs-păr-ĕn-ŪR-ē-ă)
Pain during sexual intercourse. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 7.6)
Dyspepsia (dĭs-PEP-sē-ă)
Indigestion or upset stomach, marked by epigastric pain, burning, and nausea. (Chapter 12.5)
Dysphagia (dĭs-FĀ-jē-ă)
Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. (Chapter 14.6)
Dysphagia (dĭs-FĀj-ē-ă)
Difficulty or discomfort in swallowing. (Chapter 12.4)
Dysphonia (dis-FŌ-nē-ă)
Difficulty in speaking due to a problem with the voice. (Chapter 4.4)
Dyspnea (dĭs-PNĒ-ă)
Difficulty or discomfort in breathing; shortness of breath. (Chapter 4.5)
Dyspnea (dĭsp-NĒ-ă)
Difficult or labored breathing. (Chapter 14.6)
Dystrophy (DĬS-trŏ-fē)
A disorder in which an organ or tissue of the body wastes away. (Chapter 14.5)
Dysuria (dĭs-ŪR-ē-ă)
Painful or difficult urination, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or other urological conditions. (Chapter 5.5)
E
Eccrine sweat gland (ĔK-rĭn swĕt glănd)
A small sweat gland that produces a watery secretion without removing cytoplasm from the secreting cells; found all over the body but especially abundant on the palms of the hand, soles of the feet, and forehead. (Chapter 3.4)
Echocardiogram (ek-ō-KAR-dē-ō-gram)
A sonographic imaging test that uses sound waves to produce images of the heart. (Chapter 9.7)
Eclampsia (ĕ-KLAMP-sē-ă)
A severe complication of preeclampsia, involving seizures or coma in the pregnant woman. (Chapter 8.5)
Ectopic pregnancy (ek-TOP-ik PREG-năn-sē)
A pregnancy in which the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, often in the Fallopian tube. (Chapter 8.4)
Ectopic pregnancy (ĕk-TŌP-ĭk PRĔG-năn-sē)
A pregnancy where the embryo implants outside the uterus, typically in a fallopian tube. (Chapter 7.6)
Eczema (eg-ZĒ-mă)
An allergic inflammatory condition of the skin, manifesting as dry, itchy patches that resemble a red, flaky rash. (Chapter 3.5)
Edema (e-DĒ-mă)
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues, often occurring in the legs and ankles. (Chapter 9.6)
Edema (ĕ-DĒ-mă)
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues; commonly seen in the extremities. (Chapter 3.5)
Edema (ĭ-DĒ-mă)
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues, often seen in kidney or heart disease. (Chapter 5.5)
Egg retrieval (Ĕg rĭ-TREE-vəl)
A minor surgery to collect mature eggs from the ovaries. (Chapter 8.6)
Ejaculation (i-jăk-yŭ-LĀ-shŏn)
The discharge of semen from the male reproductive system. (Chapter 6.5)
Elastin (ĭ-LĂS-tĭn)
A protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. (Chapter 3.4)
Electrocardiogram (ē-lĕk-trō-KĂR-dē-ō-grăm) (EKG or ECG)
A test that measures the electrical activity of the heartbeat to show abnormalities in the heart rhythm and structure. (Chapter 9.6, Chapter 9.7)
Electroconvulsive therapy (ē-lek-trō-kŏn-VŬL-sĭv THĔR-ă-pē) (ECT)
A medical treatment most commonly used for patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments, involving brief electrical stimulation of the brain while the patient is under anesthesia. (Chapter 16.7)
Electroencephalogram (ĕ-lek-trō-ĕn-SĔF-ă-lŏ-gram) (EEG)
A test that detects electrical activity in the brain using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to the scalp. (Chapter 16.7)
Electromyogram (ē-lĕk-trō-MĪ-ŏ-gram) (EMG)
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles to help diagnose muscle and nerve disorders. (Chapter 16.7)
Electromyogram (ĭ-lĕk-trō-mī-Ō-grăm) (EMG)
A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of muscles. (Chapter 14.7)
Embolism (ĒM-bŏ-lĭzm)
A condition where an embolus becomes trapped in a blood vessel, potentially causing a heart attack, stroke, or pulmonary embolism. (Chapter 10.6)
Embolus (ĒM-bŏ-lŭs)
A piece of a thrombus that has broken free and travels through the bloodstream, potentially causing blockage in blood vessels of major organs. (Chapter 10.6)
Embryo (EM-brē-ō)
An organism in early stages of development, specifically from day 16 through week 8 of human pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
Embryo (Ĕm-brē-ō)
The early developmental stage of an organism following fertilization. (Chapter 7.5)
Embryo culture (ĔM-brē-ō Kŭl-chər)
Maintaining and monitoring embryos until ready for transfer in IVF. (Chapter 8.6)
Embryo transfer (ĔM-brē-ō TRĂNS-fər)
Placing embryos into the uterus in IVF. (Chapter 8.6)
Emesis (ĔM-ĕ-sĭs)
The act of vomiting or ejecting stomach contents through the mouth. (Chapter 12.5)
Emphysema (ĕm-fĭ-ZĒ-mă)
A chronic respiratory disease where there is overinflation of the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to a decrease in lung function and breathlessness. (Chapter 4.6)
End-stage renal disease (ĕnd-stāj rē-năl dĭ-ZĒZ) (ESRD)
The final phase of chronic kidney disease where the kidneys can no longer meet the body’s needs, requiring dialysis or transplantation. (Chapter 5.6)
Endocrine (EN-dŏ-krīn)
Relating to glands which secrete hormones or other products directly into the blood. (Chapter 12.4)
Endocrine (ĔN-dō-krīn)
Pertaining to glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. The pancreas serves an endocrine function by producing hormones like insulin and glucagon. (Chapter 17.4)
Endocrine surgeons (ĕn-dō-krĭn SŬR-jŏns)
Medical specialists who perform surgical procedures on the endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, to treat various endocrine disorders and diseases. (Chapter 17.7)
Endocrinologists (ĕn-dō-krĭ-NŎL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Physicians who specialize in studying and treating diseases associated with the endocrine system. (Chapter 17.7)
Endocrinology (ĕn-dō-krĭ-NŌL-ŏ-jē)
The study of the structure, function, and disorders of the endocrine system. (Chapter 17.7)
Endometrial ablation (en-dō-MĒ-trē-ăl ă-BLĀ-shŏn)
A procedure that destroys the lining of the uterus to reduce or stop heavy menstrual bleeding. (Chapter 7.6)
Endometrial cancer (en-dō-MĒ-trē-ăl KAN-sĕr)
Cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). (Chapter 7.6)
Endometrial sampling (ĕn-dō-MĒ-trē-ăl săm-plĭng)
A procedure to remove tissue from the endometrium for examination under a microscope. (Chapter 7.6)
Endometriosis (en-dō-mē-trē-Ō-sĭs)
A painful condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus. (Chapter 7.6)
Endometrium (en-dō-MĒ-trē-um)
The innermost lining of the uterus, providing the site for implantation of a fertilized egg or shedding during menstruation. (Chapter 7.4)
Endometrium (en-dō-MĒ-trē-ŭm)
The mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo. (Chapter 8.4)
Endoscope (EN-dŏ-skōp)
An instrument used for visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ. (Chapter 12.7)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (en-dŏ-SKOP-ik rĕ-trō-grād kō-LAN-jē-ō-pan-krē-ă-TŎG-ră-fē) (ERCP)
A procedure used to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. (Chapter 12.6)
Endotracheal tube (ĕn-dō-TRĀ-kē-ăl tūb) (ET tube)
A flexible plastic tube that is put in the mouth and then down into the trachea to help a patient breathe. (Chapter 4.7)
Endovenous laser ablation (ĕn′-dō-vē′-nŭs lā′-zŏr ăb-lā′-shŭn)
A minimally invasive procedure used to treat varicose veins using laser energy. (Chapter 9.6)
Enuresis (ĕn-ū-RĒ-sĭs)
Involuntary urination, especially common among children during the night (nocturnal enuresis). (Chapter 5.5)
Enzymes (EN-zīmz)
Substances produced by a living organism that act as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. (Chapter 12.5)
Eosinophils (ē-ō-sĭn-ō-fĭls)
White blood cells involved in the response to allergic reactions, asthma, and infection with parasites. (Chapter 10.4)
Epidermis (ĕp-ĭ-DUR-mĭs)
The outermost layer of skin, providing a waterproof barrier and creating skin tone. (Chapter 3.4)
Epididymis (ep-ĭ-DID-ĭ-mĭs)
A long, coiled tube attached to the back of the testis that stores and carries sperm. (Chapter 6.4)
Epiglottis (ĕ-pĭ-GLŎT-ĭs)
A flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent aspiration. (Chapter 4.4)
Epiglottis (ĕp-ĭ-GLŎT-ĭs)
A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe. (Chapter 12.4)
Epinephrine (ĕp-ĭ-NĔF-rĭn)
Also known as adrenaline, a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, playing a key role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing heart rate and blood flow. (Chapter 17.4)
Episiotomy (ĕp-ĭ-zē-OT-ŏ-mē)
A surgical incision of the vulva to widen the vaginal opening to prevent ripping or tearing of the perineum during delivery. (Chapter 8.4)
Epistaxis (ĕp-ĭ-STĂK-sĭs)
Bleeding from the nose; also called rhinorrhagia. (Chapter 4.4)
Equilibrium (ē-kwĭ-lĭb-rē-ŭm)
In a medical context, it often refers to a state of balance or stability, particularly in physiological or biochemical processes. (Chapter 11.5)
Erectile dysfunction (ĕ-RĔK-tīl dis-FŬNGK-shŏn)
The inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. (Chapter 6.5, Chapter 6.6)
Erythema (ĕr-ĭ-THĒ-mă)
Redness of the skin caused by capillary dilation. (Chapter 3.5)
Erythrocytes (ĕ-rĭth-rō-sīts)
Red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs. (Chapter 10.4)
Erythropoietin (ĕ-rĭth-rō-poi-Ē-tĭn) (EPO)
A hormone produced by the kidneys that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. (Chapter 10.4)
Esophageal cancer (ĭ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl KAN-sĕr)
A type of cancer that occurs in the esophagus, the long, hollow tube that runs from the throat to the stomach. (Chapter 12.6)
Esophageal varices (ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl VĀR-ĭ-sēz)
Abnormally swollen veins in the lower part of the esophagus, often associated with liver disease. (Chapter 12.4)
Esophagectomy (ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove part or all of the esophagus. (Chapter 12.6)
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (ē-sof-ă-gō-gas-trō-doo-ŏ-dē-NOS-kŏ-pē) (EGD)
A diagnostic test to examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and first part of the small intestine. (Chapter 12.7)
Esophagus (ĭ-SOF-ă-gŭs)
The muscular tube that conveys food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. (Chapter 12.4)
Estrogen (ĔS-trō-jĕn)
A group of hormones primarily responsible for the development and regulation of female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. (Chapter 17.4)
Estrogen (ĔS-trŏ-jen)
A hormone produced by the ovaries, playing a key role in the female reproductive system, including the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. (Chapter 7.5)
Ethmoid (ĔTH-moid)
Related to the ethmoid bone, located between the eyes and forming part of the nasal cavity. (Chapter 13.4)
Eustachian tube (yōō-STĀ-shən tūb)
A tube connecting the middle ear to the pharynx, helping equalize air pressure across the tympanic membrane. (Chapter 15.4)
Euthyroid (yū-THĪ-rŏid)
A term that describes normal thyroid gland functioning, with the production of the correct amount of thyroid hormones. (Chapter 17.4)
Eversion (ē-VĔR-zhŭn)
The action of turning outward the sole of the foot away from the body’s midline.(Chapter 14.5)
Exacerbations (ĕg-ză-sĕr-BĀ-shŭns)
Episodes where symptoms of a disease become worse or more severe. (Chapter 4.6)
Excision (ĕk-SIZH-ŏn)
The surgical removal of tissue, typically involving cutting out or off. (Chapter 3.6)
Exhalation (ĕks-hă-LĀ-shŭn)
The process of breathing out air. (Chapter 4.5)
Exocrine (ĔK-sō-krīn)
Referring to glands that secrete their products through ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel. In the context of the pancreas, it refers to the production of digestive enzymes. (Chapter 17.4)
Exocrine (ĔK-sŏ-krīn)
Pertaining to the secretion of a substance out through a duct. (Chapter 12.4)
Exophthalmos (ek-saaf-thal-muhs)
A medical term for bulging eyes, a symptom of hyperthyroidism. (Chapter 17.6)
Expressive aphasia (eks-PRĒS-ĭv ă-FĀ-zh-ē-ă)
A type of aphasia where a person knows what they want to say but has difficulty communicating it to others. (Chapter 16.5)
Extension (ĕk-STĔN-shŏn)
A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts. (Chapter 14.5)
F
Fallopian tubes (fă-LŌP-ē-an)
Tubes that transport oocytes from the ovary to the uterus. (Chapter 7.4)
False ribs (FÔLS rĭbz)
Ribs 8-10, which are connected to the sternum via cartilage. (Chapter 13.4)
Fascia (FĂSH-ē-ă)
A band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles, bones, and other internal organs. (Chapter 3.4)
Fasting blood glucose (FĂST-ing blŭd GLŪ-kōs) (FBG)
A test that measures blood sugar levels after an individual has not eaten for at least 8 hours, used to diagnose diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Fecal immunochemical test (FĒ-kăl im-yŭn-Ō-kĕm-ĭ-kăl tĕst)
A test that checks stool for tiny amounts of blood released by polyps or colorectal cancer. (Chapter 12.7)
Fecal occult blood test (FĒ-kăl ŏ-KULT blŭd tĕst) (gFOBT)
A test that checks stool samples for hidden (occult) blood using a chemical called guaiac. (Chapter 12.7)
Feces (FĒ-sēz)
Waste matter discharged from the bowels after food has been digested. (Chapter 12.4)
Femur (FĒ-mŭr)
The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body. (Chapter 13.4)
Fertilization (fĕr-tĭ-lī-ZĀ-shŏn)
The union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell to form a zygote, initiating the development of a new individual. (Chapter 8.4, Chapter 8.6)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FĒ-tăl AL-kŏ-hŏl SPEK-trŭm dĭs-ŎR-dĕrz) (FASD)
The effects caused by maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, ranging from physical, mental, and behavioral disabilities. (Chapter 8.5)
Fetal heart monitoring (FĒ-tăl HÄRT MON-ĭt-or-ing)
Tracking the fetal heart rate during pregnancy and labor. (Chapter 8.6)
Fetus (FĒ-tŭs)
A developing human from roughly the end of the eighth week after conception to the moment of birth. (Chapter 8.4)
Fever (FĒ-vŏr)
A part of the inflammatory response that results in an overall increase in body temperature, enhancing the innate immune response by stimulating white blood cells to kill pathogens. (Chapter 11.5)
Fibrin (FĪ-brin)
A fibrous protein formed during blood clotting, essential for the formation of a stable blood clot. (Chapter 10.5)
Fibrinolysis (fī-brĭ-NŌL-ĭ-sĭs)
The process that breaks down fibrin in blood clots, playing a crucial role in preventing blood clots from growing and becoming problematic. (Chapter 10.5)
Fibrocystic breasts (fī-brō-SĬS-tĭk brests)
Condition characterized by lumpy or ropelike breast tissue, often experiencing pain, tenderness, and lumpiness especially before menstruation. (Chapter 7.4)
Fibromyalgia (fī-brō-mī-ĂL-jē-ă)
A disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, sleep, memory, and mood issues. (Chapter 14.6)
Fibrous joints (FĪ-brŭs joints)
Joints where bones are joined by fibrous tissue, typically allowing very little movement. (Chapter 13.4)
Fibula (FĬB-yŭ-lă)
The smaller and thinner bone of the lower leg located on the lateral side. (Chapter 13.4)
Fight-or-flight response (fīt-ŏr-flīt rĭ-spŏns)
A physiological reaction characterized by the increased production of hormones like adrenaline and norepinephrine in response to a perceived threat or stress, resulting in various bodily changes like increased heart rate, blood pressure, and energy levels, preparing the body for either confrontation or rapid retreat. (Chapter 17.5)
Fimbriae (FĬM-brē-ā)
The fringe-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes, near the ovaries, which help to guide the ovum into the tube after ovulation. (Chapter 7.4, Chapter 7.5)
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (fīn NĒ-dŭl ăs-pĭ-RĀ-shŭn BĪ-ŏp-sē) (FNA)
A diagnostic procedure used to investigate lumps or masses. In this technique, a thin needle is used to extract sample cells from the body. (Chapter 4.7)
First-degree burn
A mild burn characterized by heat, pain, and reddening of the burned surface but not exhibiting blistering or charring of tissues. (Chapter 3.5)
Fistula (FIS-chŭ-lă)
An abnormal passageway between two organs or between an internal organ and the body surface. In the context of the female reproductive system, it could be between the vagina and another organ such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum. (Chapter 7.5)
Flaccid (FLĂS-ĭd)
Lacking firmness, resilience, or muscle tone. (Chapter 14.6)
Flatus (FLĀ-tŭs)
Gas in the gastrointestinal tract, expelled through the anus. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.5)
Flexion (FLĔK-shŏn)
The action of bending or the condition of being bent, especially the bending of a limb or joint. (Chapter 14.5)
Floating ribs (FLŌ-ă-tĭng rĭbz)
The last two pairs of ribs, which are not attached to the sternum. (Chapter 13.4)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FŌL-ĭ-kl stim-YŪ-lā-ting HŌR-mōn) (FSH)
A hormone released by the brain that stimulates the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries. (Chapter 7.5)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FŎL-ĭ-kŭl STĬM-yū-lāt-ing HŌR-mōn) (FSH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males. (Chapter 17.4)
Follicles (FŎL-ĭ-klz)
In the context of the female reproductive system, these are the fluid-filled sacs in the ovaries, each containing an immature ovum (egg). (Chapter 7.5)
Follicular phase (Fŏl-ĭk-yŭ-lăr fāz)
The menstrual cycle phase where the endometrium thickens, and follicle growth is stimulated by FSH and LH. (Chapter 7.5)
Foreskin (FŌR-skin)
The retractable fold of skin covering the end of the penis. (Chapter 6.4)
Fourth-degree burn
A burn which extends into deeper tissues, causing carbonization or charring of bones, muscles, and tendons underneath. (Chapter 3.5)
Fracture (FRĂK-chŭr)
A medical condition where there is a break in the continuity of the bone. It can range from minor cracks to complete breaks and can occur in any bone in the body. (Chapter 13.6)
Frequency (FRĒ-kwĕn-sē)
The need to urinate more often than usual, a symptom often associated with urinary tract infections or bladder conditions. (Chapter 5.5)
Frontal (coronal) plane
A vertical plane running from side to side that divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. (Chapter 2.7)
Frontal (FRŬN-tăl)
Pertaining to the forehead or the frontal bone of the skull. (Chapter 13.4)
Frontal lobe (FRŎN-tăl lōb)
A region of the cerebral cortex associated with reasoning, motor skills, higher-level cognition, and expressive language. (Chapter 16.4)
Frostbite (FRŌST-bīt)
Injury to body tissues caused by exposure to extreme cold, typically affecting the nose, fingers, or toes and sometimes resulting in gangrene. (Chapter 3.4)
G
Gallbladder (GAWL-blăd-ĕr)
A small organ where bile is stored, before it is released into the small intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Gallstone (GAWL-stōn)
A small, hard crystalline mass formed abnormally in the gallbladder or bile ducts from bile pigments, cholesterol, and calcium salts. (Chapter 12.6)
Gangrene (GANG-grēn)
The death of body tissue due to a lack of blood flow or a bacterial infection. (Chapter 3.5)
Gas exchange (găs ĭk-SCHĀNJ)
The process in the lungs where oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood. (Chapter 4.5)
Gastric juice (GAS-trĭk JOOS)
A digestive fluid secreted by the stomach, containing hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and other enzymes. (Chapter 12.4)
Gastrocnemius (găs-trŏk-NĒ-mē-ŭs)
The major calf muscle, responsible for plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint. (Chapter 14.4)
Gastroenteritis (GAS-trō-ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs)
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from bacterial toxins or viral infection and causing vomiting and diarrhea. (Chapter 12.5)
Gastroenterologist (găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-ŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system. (Chapter 12.7)
Gastroenterology (găs-trō-ĕn-tĕr-ŎL-ă-jē)
The study of the digestive system and its disorders. (Chapter 12.7)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GAS-trō-ĕ-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl REE-flŭks dĭ-ZĒZ) (GERD)
A chronic condition where stomach acid or bile flows into the food pipe (esophagus) and irritates the lining. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.6)
Genital herpes (JEN-ĭt-ăl HUR-pēz)
A sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the herpes simplex virus, characterized by painful blisters in the genital area. (Chapter 6.6)
Gestation (jĕs-TĀ-shŏn)
The period of development of the fetus in the mother’s uterus, typically lasting from conception to birth. (Chapter 8.4)
Gestational diabetes (jĕs-TĀ-shŏn-ăl dī-ă-BĒ-tĭs)
A form of diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy and usually resolves after delivery. (Chapter 8.5)
Gestational diabetes (jĕs-TĀ-shŭn-ăl dī-ă-BĒ-tēz)
A form of diabetes that manifests during pregnancy, involving elevated blood glucose levels, and generally resolves after the baby’s birth, although it can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. (Chapter 17.6)
Gigantism (jī-GĂN-tĭz-əm)
A rare condition caused by excessive production of growth hormone in childhood, leading to abnormal increase in height and size. (Chapter 17.4, Chapter 17.6)
Gingivitis (jin-jĭ-VĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the gums. (Chapter 12.4)
Glans penis (glănz PĒ-nĭs)
The bulbous tip of the penis. (Chapter 6.4)
Glaucoma (glăw-KŌ-mă)
A group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, often caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye. (Chapter 15.5)
Glomerular filtration (glō-MER-yū-lăr fĭl-TRĀ-shŭn)
The process in the kidneys where blood plasma is filtered through the glomeruli, allowing waste products and excess substances to be excreted while retaining necessary components. (Chapter 5.5)
Glomerular filtration rate (glō-MER-yū-lăr fĭl-TRĀ-shŭn rāt) (GFR)
A measure of how well the kidneys filter waste from the blood, used as an indicator of kidney function. (Chapter 5.5)
Glomerulonephritis (glō-mĕr-ū-lō-nĕ-FRĪ-tĭs)
An inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, affecting their ability to filter blood properly, often leading to kidney damage. (Chapter 5.6)
Glomerulus (glō-MER-yū-lŭs)
A network of tiny blood vessels in the kidneys that are involved in the filtration process to form urine. (Chapter 5.4)
Glossitis (glo-SĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the tongue. (Chapter 12.4)
Glucagon (GLŪ-kă-gŏn)
A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose. (Chapter 17.4)
Glucose (GLŪ-kōs)
A simple sugar that is an important energy source in living organisms and a component of many carbohydrates. (Chapter 17.4)
Gluteus maximus (glū-TĒ-ŭs MĂK-sĭ-mŭs)
The largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles, responsible for movement of the hip and thigh. (Chapter 14.4)
Goiter (GOI-tĕr)
An enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be a symptom of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism or result from iodine deficiency. (Chapter 17.4, Chapter 17.6)
Gonorrhea (gon-ŏ-RĒ-ă)
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. (Chapter 6.6)
Gout (gowt)
A type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in the joints, usually as flares that last for one or two weeks and then resolve. Gout flares often begin in the big toe or a lower limb when high levels of serum uric acid build up in the body. (Chapter 13.6)
Graft (grăft)
Transplanted tissue or organ. (Chapter 11.6)
Graft rejection (grăft rĭ-jĕk-shŏn)
A complication after graft surgery caused by the recipient’s immune response to antigens on the donated graft. (Chapter 11.6)
Grave’s disease (GRĀVZ dĭ-ZĒZ)
An autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. (Chapter 17.6)
Gravida (GRĂV-ĭ-dă)
A pregnant woman; often used in medical contexts to specify a woman’s number of pregnancies. (Chapter 8.4)
Greenstick (grēn-stĭk)
Bone is partially broken, a condition that occurs in children. (Chapter 13.6)
Gynecologist (gīn-ĕ-KOL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive system and the breasts. (Chapter 7.7)
Gynecology (gī-nĕ-KOL-ŏ-jē)
Study of the female reproductive system. (Chapter 7.7)
H
Hallux (HĂL-lŭks)
The big toe. (Chapter 13.4)
Hamstring (HĂM-strĭng)
Any of the five tendons at the back of a person’s knee. (Chapter 14.4)
Hard palate (HARD PAL-āt)
The bony front part of the palate. (Chapter 12.4)
Heart block (härt blŏk)
A condition where the electrical signals in the heart are partially or completely blocked. (Chapter 9.6)
Heart failure (HART FĀL-yŭr) (HF)
A condition where the heart can’t pump blood efficiently to meet the body’s needs, leading to symptoms like shortness of breath and edema. (Chapter 9.6)
Heart rate (HART RĀT) (HR)
The number of heartbeats per minute, with normal resting HR for an adult being 60–100 bpm. (Chapter 9.5)
Heart transplant (härt trăns′-plănt)
A surgical procedure to replace a diseased and nonfunctioning heart with a healthy heart from a donor. (Chapter 9.7)
Hematocrit (hē-măt-ō-krĭt) (HCT)
A blood test that measures the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Hematologist (hē-mā-TŌL-ō-jist)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders. (Chapter 10.7)
Hematology (hēm-ă-TŎL-ō-jē)
The study of blood, blood components, and blood-forming organs, focusing on their role in health and disease. (Chapter 10.1)
Hematoma (hēm-ă-TŌ-mă)
A solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues, often caused by an injury. (Chapter 16.6)
Hematoma (hēm-ă-TŌ-mă)
A collection or pooling of blood outside the blood vessel caused by an injury. (Chapter 10.6)
Hematuria (hē-mă-TŪR-ē-ă)
The presence of blood in the urine, which can be a sign of various urinary tract or kidney conditions. (Chapter 5.5)
Hemiplegia (hĕm-ē-PLĒ-jē-ă)
Paralysis of one side of the body. (Chapter 14.6)
Hemodialysis (hē-mō-dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs)
A medical procedure where a machine filters waste and excess fluids from the blood, used in cases of kidney failure. (Chapter 5.7)
Hemoglobin (HĒ-mō-glō-bĭn)
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. (Chapter 4.5)
Hemoglobin (hē-mō-glō-bĭn) (Hgb)
A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. (Chapter 10.4)
Hemoglobin A1C (HĒ-mō-glō-bĭn Ā-wŭn-SĒ) (HbA1C)
A blood test that indicates the average level of blood sugar over the past two to three months, used to diagnose and manage diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Hemolysis (hē-MOL-ĭ-sĭs)
The destruction or breakdown of red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the surrounding fluid. (Chapter 10.4)
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (hē-mō-LĬT-ik dĭ-zēz əv thə NŪ-bôrn)
A condition occurring when an Rh-negative mother’s immune system attacks Rh positive fetal red blood cells, potentially leading to fetal death without treatment. (Chapter 10.4)
Hemophilia (hē-mō-FĒL-ē-ă)
A genetic disorder in which blood doesn’t clot normally due to deficient or abnormal clotting factors. (Chapter 10.6)
Hemoptysis (hē-MŎP-tĭ-sĭs)
Coughing up blood from the respiratory tract. (Chapter 4.6)
Hemorrhage (HEM-ŏ-rāj)
Excessive bleeding that cannot be controlled by hemostasis and is considered a medical emergency. (Chapter 10.4, Chapter 10.6)
Hemorrhoid (HEM-ŏ-royd)
A swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus. (Chapter 12.4)
Hemostasis (hē-mō-STĀ-sĭs)
The process of blood clot formation at the site of vessel injury. It involves three steps: vascular spasm, formation of a platelet plug, and blood clotting (coagulation). (Chapter 10.4, Chapter 10.5)
Hepatitis (hep-ă-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection or liver toxins. (Chapter 12.6)
Hepatomegaly (hep-ăt-ō-MEG-ă-lē)
An enlarged liver. (Chapter 12.4)
Hepatomegaly (hep-ăt-ō-MĔG-ă-lē)
Enlargement of the liver, which can be caused by liver disease, cancer, and excess alcohol intake. (Chapter 10.4)
Hernia (HUR-nē-ă)
A condition in which part of an organ is displaced and protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it, often involving the intestine at a weak point in the abdominal wall. (Chapter 12.5, Chapter 12.6)
Herniated disk (hûr-nē-Ā-tĭd dĭsk)
A condition where a disk protrudes beyond the normal confines of the vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Herpes simplex virus (HUR-pēz SĬM-pleks VĪ-rŭs) (HSV)
A virus causing contagious sores, most often around the mouth or on the genitals. (Chapter 6.6)
Hiatal hernia (hī-Ā-tăl HĔR-nē-ă)
A type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest. (Chapter 12.6)
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (hī-grād SKWĀ-mŭs ĭn-tră-ĕ-pĭ-THĒ-lē-ăl LĒ-zhŭns) (HSIL)
More serious changes in the cervical cells that indicate a higher risk of progressing to cervical cancer. (Chapter 7.6)
Hirsutism (HUR-sū-tĭz-əm)
Excessive hair growth on the face and body in areas where hair is usually minimal or absent, particularly in women. (Chapter 3.4)
Hirsutism (HĬR-sū-tĭz-ŭm)
Excessive hair growth on the face and body, often a symptom of PCOS. (Chapter 7.6)
Hirsutism (HĬR-sū-tĭz-əm)
The excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern in women, often due to increased androgen levels. (Chapter 17.6)
Histamine (HIS-tă-mēn)
A chemical released during the inflammatory response, causing increased permeability of blood vessels, redness, heat, and swelling. (Chapter 11.5)
Hodgkin lymphoma (HŎJ-kĭn lim-FŌ-mă)
Cancer originating from the lymphatic system, characterized by out-of-control growth of lymphocytes, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body. (Chapter 11.6)
Holter monitor (HOL-tĕr MON-ĭ-tŏr)
A portable device worn to continuously monitor the heart’s rhythms and electrical activity. (Chapter 9.7)
Homeostasis (hō-mē-ō-STĀ-sĭs)
The body’s biological processes that result in stable equilibrium. (Chapter 2.2)
Hormonal therapy (hôr-MŌ-năl THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment using hormones to block cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. (Chapter 7.6)
Hormone therapy (HOR-mōn THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment to alter hormone levels to slow or stop cancer cell growth. (Chapter 6.6)
Hormones (HŌR-mōnz)
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands, traveling through the bloodstream to target organs to initiate specific physiological responses. (Chapter 17.4)
Hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA)
MRSA infection occurring in people in hospitals or other health care facilities. (Chapter 3.5)
HPV test (H-P-V tĕst)
A test to check for infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus that can lead to cervical cancer. (Chapter 7.6)
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hū-MĂN kor-ē-ON-ĭk gō-năd-ō-TRO-pin)
A hormone produced during pregnancy by cells that will eventually form the placenta. (Chapter 8.4)
Human growth hormone (HYOO-măn GRŌTH HŌR-mōn) (HGH)
A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland, crucial for growth and metabolic processes in the body. (Chapter 17.4)
Human immunodeficiency virus (hu-man im-yŭ-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē VĪ-rŭs) (HIV)
A virus that attacks the T-helper cells of the immune system. (Chapter 6.6)
Human immunodeficiency virus (hū-măn ĭm-yū-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē vī-rŭs) (HIV)
A virus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severely impair the immune system. (Chapter 11.6)
Human leukocyte antigens (hyū-măn lū-kō-sīt ĂN-tĭ-jĕnz) (HLAs)
Proteins that are part of the immune system’s response to foreign substances and help distinguish “self” from “non-self.” (Chapter 11.7)
Human papilloma virus (hū-măn pă-pĭ-LŌ-mă vī-rŭs) (HPV)
A virus that can cause cervical cancer, with vaccines available for prevention. (Chapter 11.6)
Human papillomavirus (hu-man PAP-ĭ-LŌ-mă-VĪ-rŭs) (HPV)
A group of viruses that can cause warts on the skin or mucous membranes and are associated with some types of cancer. (Chapter 6.6)
Human papillomavirus (hyū-măn pap-ĭ-lō-mă-VĪ-rŭs) (HPV)
The most common sexually transmitted infection, causing genital warts and potentially leading to cervical, throat, and other cancers. (Chapter 3.5)
Human papillomavirus (HYŪ-măn pă-pĭ-lō-mă VĪ-rŭs) (HPV)
A group of viruses, some of which can cause genital warts and are associated with an increased risk of cervical and other types of cancers. (Chapter 7.6)
Humerus (HYŌŌ-mĕr-ŭs)
The upper arm bone, extending from the shoulder to the elbow. (Chapter 13.4)
Humoral immunity (HYŌŌ-mŏr-ăl ĭ-mū-nĭ-tē)
Part of the immune response that refers to the function of B cells and their production of antibodies that target antigens. (Chapter 11.5)
Hydrocele (HĪ-drŏ-sēl)
A fluid-filled sac around a testicle, often causing swelling in the scrotum. (Chapter 6.6)
Hydrocelectomy (hī-drō-sē-LĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of a hydrocele, a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum, to relieve swelling. (Chapter 6.7)
Hydrochloric acid (HĪ-drō-klōr-ĬK AS-id)
A component of gastric juice that helps create the acidic environment in the stomach. (Chapter 12.4)
Hydronephrosis (hī-drō-nĕ-FRŌ-sĭs)
Swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine, often caused by obstruction in the urinary tract. (Chapter 5.6)
Hydrostatic (hī-drō-STAT-ik)
Pertaining to the pressure exerted by a fluid at rest. (Chapter 5.5)
Hyoid (HĪ-oid)
A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue. (Chapter 13.4)
Hypercalcemia (hī-pĕr-kăl-SĒ-mē-ă)
A condition characterized by an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. (Chapter 17.6)
Hypercapnia (hī-pĕr-KĂP-nē-ă)
Excess carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, typically caused by inadequate respiration. (Chapter 4.5)
Hyperemesis gravidarum (HĪ-pĕr-ĕm-Ē-sĭs GRAV-ĭ-dar-ŭm)
A severe form of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and weight loss. (Chapter 8.5)
Hyperglycemia (hī-pĕr-glī-SĒ-mē-ă)
A condition characterized by an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood, often associated with diabetes. (Chapter 17.4, Chapter 17.6)
Hyperhidrosis (hī-pĕr-hī-DRŌ-sĭs)
Abnormally excessive sweating. (Chapter 3.4)
Hyperkalemia (hī-pĕr-kă-LĒM-ē-ă)
An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood, which can occur in kidney disease or from other causes. (Chapter 5.5)
Hyperkinesia (hī-pĕr-kĭ-NĒ-zē-ă)
Excessive movement; an abnormally high level of activity. (Chapter 14.5)
Hyperopia (hī-pĕr-Ō-pē-ă)
Also known as farsightedness, a condition where distant objects can be seen more clearly than close ones. (Chapter 15.5)
Hyperparathyroidism (hī-pĕr-PĂR-ă-THĪ-rŏid-ĭzm)
A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone, leading to high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia). (Chapter 17.6)
Hyperpnea (hī-PŬR-pnē-ă)
Excessively deep or rapid breathing; forced breathing. (Chapter 4.5)
Hypersensitivity (hī-pĕr-sĕn-sĭ-TĬV-ĭ-tē)
An exaggerated immune response triggered by exposure to a specific antigen, which can damage normal tissues and cause a range of health issues. (Chapter 11.6)
Hypertension (hī-pĕr-TEN-shŏn) (HTN)
Elevated blood pressure, typically defined as greater than 120/80 mm Hg in adults. (Chapter 9.5, Chapter 9.6)
Hyperthyroidism (hī-pĕr-THĪ-rŏid-ĭzm)
A condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland, leading to symptoms like weight loss, increased heart rate, and anxiety. (Chapter 17.6)
Hypertrophy (hī-PĔR-trŏ-fē)
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells. (Chapter 14.5)
Hyperventilation (hī-pĕr-vĕn-tĭ-LĀ-shŭn)
Breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal. (Chapter 4.5)
Hypocalcemia (hī-pō-kăl-SĒ-mē-ă)
Low levels of calcium in the blood, which can be a symptom of hypoparathyroidism. (Chapter 17.6)
Hypodermis (hī-pō-DUR-mĭs)
Also known as subcutaneous tissue; the deeper subcutaneous tissue composed of fat and connective tissue. (Chapter 3.4)
Hypoglycemia (hī-pō-glī-SĒ-mē-ă)
Low blood sugar levels, which can be a side effect of diabetes treatment. (Chapter 17.4, Chapter 17.6)
Hypoparathyroidism (hī-pō-păr-ă-THĪ-rŏid-ĭzm)
A condition in which the parathyroid glands produce insufficient parathyroid hormone, leading to low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). (Chapter 17.6)
Hypophysectomy (hī-pō-fĭ-SĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the pituitary gland. (Chapter 17.7)
Hypopituitarism (hī-pō-pĭ-TŪ-ĭt-ă-rizm)
A condition where the pituitary gland produces insufficient amounts of one or more of its hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms depending on which hormones are affected. (Chapter 17.4)
Hypopnea (hī-pŎP-nē-ă)
Deficient shallow or slow breathing. (Chapter 4.5)
Hypotension (hī-pō-TEN-shŏn)
Abnormally low blood pressure. (Chapter 9.5)
Hypotension (hī-pō-TĔN-shŭn)
Abnormally low blood pressure. (Chapter 17.6)
Hypothalamus (hī-pō-THAL-a-mus)
A region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems. (Chapter 16.4)
Hypothyroidism (hī-pō-THĪ-rŏid-ĭzm)
A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. (Chapter 17.4, Chapter 17.6)
Hypoventilation (hī-pō-vĕn-tĭ-LĀ-shŭn)
Reduced rate and/or depth of air movement into the lungs, leading to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood. (Chapter 4.5)
Hypovolemia (hī-pō-vō-LĒ-mē-ă)
A decrease in the volume of blood plasma, which can be a critical condition following postpartum hemorrhage. (Chapter 8.5)
Hypoxemia (hī-pŏk-SĒ-mē-ă)
Low levels of oxygen in the blood. (Chapter 4.5)
Hypoxia (hī-PŎK-sē-ă)
A condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level. (Chapter 4.5)
Hysterectomy (his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the uterus, which may include the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other surrounding structures. (Chapter 7.6, Chapter 7.7)
Hysterosalpingogram (hĭs-tĕ-RO-săl-pĭnj-ō-gram)
A common imaging procedure performed to assess for potential causes of infertility in women. During the procedure, radiopaque dye is injected into the uterus and fills the uterine cavity, continues into the fallopian tubes, and eventually reaches fimbriated ends next to the ovaries. Structures are visualized with an x-ray. (Chapter 7.7)
Hysteroscopy (his-tĕ-ROS-kŏ-pē)
A procedure to look inside the uterus using a thin, telescope-like device inserted through the vagina and cervix. (Chapter 7.7)
I
Ileocecal valve (ĬL-ē-ō-SĒ-kăl VALV)
A sphincter muscle valve that separates the small intestine and the large intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Ileostomy (IL-ē-OS-tŏ-mē)
A surgical opening constructed by bringing the end of the small intestine (the ileum) out onto the surface of the skin. (Chapter 12.6)
Ileum (ĬL-ē-ŭm)
The third portion of the small intestine, between the jejunum and the cecum of the large intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Ilium (ĬL-ē-ŭm)
The large, broad bone forming the upper part of each half of the pelvis. (Chapter 13.4)
Immune system (ĭ-MŪN SĬS-tĕm)
A complex collection of cells and organs that destroys or neutralizes pathogens, preventing infection, disease, or death. (Chapter 11.4)
Immunization (ĭm-yū-nĭ-zā-shŏn)
A method to trigger an individual’s acquired immune response and prevent future disease, often through the administration of a vaccine. (Chapter 11.5)
Immunocompromised (ĭm-yū-nō-KŎM-prō-mīzd)
Someone with an impaired or weakened immune system. (Chapter 11.6)
Immunodeficiency (ĭm-yŭ-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē)
Inadequate immune response due to immune system dysfunction. (Chapter 11.6)
Immunological memory (im-yŭ-NOL-ŏ-jē- kăl MEM-ŏ-rē)
The adaptive immune response’s ability to mount a stronger and faster response upon reexposure to a pathogen, with memory B and T cells providing long-term protection. (Chapter 11.5)
Immunologist (ĭm-yŭ-NŎL-ō-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of immune system disorders. (Chapter 11.7)
Immunology (im-yŭ-NŎL-ŏ-jē)
The study of disorders of the immune system. (Chapter 11.7)
Immunotherapy (ĭm-yū-nō-THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment that uses certain parts of a person’s immune system to fight diseases such as cancer. (Chapter 6.6)
Impacted (ĭm-păk-tĕd)
One fragment of the bone is driven into the other, usually as a result of compression. (Chapter 13.6)
Impetigo (ĭm-pĕ-TĪ-gō)
A contagious bacterial skin infection forming pustules and yellow crusty sores, typically in children. (Chapter 3.5)
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ĭm-plănt′-ă-bŭl kär′dē-ō-vûr′-tŏr dē-fĭb′-rĭ-lā-tŏr) (ICD)
A device implanted in the chest to monitor heart rhythms and provide appropriate electrical therapy to correct arrhythmias. (Chapter 9.6)
Implantation (ĭm-plan-TĀ-shŏn)
The process by which a fertilized egg attaches to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to begin pregnancy. (Chapter 7.5)
In vitro fertilization (in VĪ-trō FĔR-tĭ-lĭ-ZĀ-shŏn) (IVF)
An assisted reproductive technology in which eggs are fertilized outside the body and transferred to the uterus. (Chapter 8.6)
Incision & drainage (in-SIZH-ŏn and DRĀN-ij) (I&D)
A minor surgical procedure to cut into a lesion or abscess to allow the escape of fluid. (Chapter 3.6)
Incontinence (ĭn-KŎN-tĭ-nĕns)
The inability to control urination or defecation, leading to involuntary loss of urine or feces. (Chapter 5.4)
Incus (ĬN-kŭs)
A small anvil-shaped bone in the middle ear, connecting the malleus to the stapes. (Chapter 15.4)
Induction (in-DŬK-shŏn)
The process of artificially initiating childbirth by stimulating uterine contractions. (Chapter 8.4, Chapter 8.6)
Indwelling catheter (ĭn-DWĔL-ĭng KĂTH-ĭ-tĕr)
A type of urinary catheter that remains inside the bladder for continuous urine drainage. (Chapter 5.7)
Infection (ĭn-FĔK-shŏn)
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. (Chapter 3.5)
Inferior conchae (ĬN-fēr-ē-ŏr KŎN-kē)
Referring to the lowermost scroll-like bones on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity. (Chapter 13.4)
Inferior or caudal
A position below or lower than another part of the body; near the coccyx or lowest part of the spinal column. For example, the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. (Chapter 2.6)
Inferior vena cava (VĒ-nă KĀ-vă)
A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. (Chapter 9.4)
Infertility (ĭn-fĕr-TĬL-ĭ-tē)
The inability to conceive after a year or more of regular sexual activity without contraception. (Chapter 7.5)
Inflammation (ĭn-flă-MĀ-shŏn)
A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection. (Chapter 11.5)
Inflammatory response (ĭn-FLĂM-ă-tŏr-ē ri-SPONS)
A biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or damaged cells, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. (Chapter 11.5)
Influenza (ĭn-flōō-ĕn-ză)
A highly contagious viral infection affecting the respiratory tract, commonly referred to as the flu, with symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle aches. (Chapter 4.6)
Inguinal hernia (IN-gwĭ-năl HUR-nē-ă)
A condition where part of the intestine protrudes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. (Chapter 6.4)
Inguinal orchiectomy (IN-gwĭ-năl or-kē-EK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of a testicle through an incision in the groin area. (Chapter 6.6)
Inhalation (ĭn-hă-lĀ-shŭn)
The process of breathing in air. (Chapter 4.5)
Innate immune response (ĭn-NĀT i-MŪN ri-SPONS)
A nonspecific defense mechanism that begins immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body. (Chapter 11.5)
Inner ear (IN-er ĒR)
The part of the ear that includes the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals, responsible for processing sound and maintaining balance. (Chapter 15.4)
Insemination (in-sem-ĭ-NĀ-shŏn)
Mixing eggs with sperm in IVF. (Chapter 8.6)
Insulin (ĬN-sū-lĭn)
A hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. (Chapter 17.4)
Intercostal (ĭn-tĕr-KŎS-tăl)
Located between the ribs. (Chapter 13.4)
Intercostal retractions (ĭn-tĕr-KŎS-tăl rē-trăk-SHŏnz)
The inward movement of the muscles between the ribs, typically a sign of respiratory distress. (Chapter 13.4)
Intermittent catheterization (ĭn-tĕr-MĬT-ĕnt KĂTH-ĕ-tĕr-ī-ZĀ-shŭn)
A method of urinary catheterization where a catheter is temporarily inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then removed. (Chapter 5.7)
International normalized ratio (ĭn-tĕr-NASH-ŭ-năl NÔR-mă-līzd RĀ-shiō) (INR)
A calculation based on the PT used to ensure test results from different labs are comparable; it’s particularly important for patients on anticoagulant medication like warfarin. (Chapter 10.5)
Interstitial space (ĭn-tĕr-STISH-ăl spās)
The space between individual cells in the tissues. (Chapter 11.4)
Intervertebral disks (ĭn-tĕr-VĔRT-ĕ-brăl dĭsks)
Pertaining to the space or structure between two vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Intracranial pressure (ĭn-tră-KRĀ-nē-ăl PRĔSH-ŭr)
Pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid, usually in the context of illness or injury. (Chapter 16.6)
Intrauterine devices (ĬN-tră-yŪ-tĕr-ēn dī-VĪS-ĭz)
Contraceptive devices inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. (Chapter 7.6)
Intrauterine fetal demise (ĬN-tră-YŪ-tə-rīn FĒT-ăl dĕ-MĪZ)
Fetal death that occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.5)
Intravenous (ĭn-tră-VĒ-nŭs) (IV)
Pertaining to within a vein, often referring to the administration of medications or fluids. (Chapter 9.4, Chapter 9.7)
Intravenous pyelogram (ĭn-tră-vē-nŭs PĪ-ĕ-lō-gram) (IVP)
An imaging test where a contrast dye is injected into a vein and X-rays are taken to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. (Chapter 5.7)
Inversion (in-VĔR-zhŭn)
The process of turning inward the sole of the foot towards the body’s midline. (Chapter 14.5)
Ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side. For example, the left arm and left leg are ipsilateral to each other. (Chapter 2.6)
Iris (IR-ĭs)
The colored part of the eye, a smooth muscle that controls the diameter and size of the pupil. (Chapter 15.4)
Iron deficiency anemia (īrŏn dē-FĬ-shĕn-sē ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
The most common type of anemia, caused by a lack of dietary iron needed for sufficient production of hemoglobin. (Chapter 10.6)
Irregular bleeding (ĭ-rĕg-yŭ-lăr blēd-ing)
Bleeding between menstrual periods or after menopause. (Chapter 7.6)
Irritable bowel syndrome (ĬR-ĭ-tă-bl BOWL SĬN-drōm) (IBS)
A common disorder affecting the large intestine, causing cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. (Chapter 12.6)
Ischemia (ĭs-KEE-mē-ă)
A condition where blood flow and oxygen are restricted or reduced in a part of the body, often due to narrowed or blocked arteries. (Chapter 9.6)
Ischium (ĬS-kē-ŭm)
The curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis. (Chapter 13.4)
J
Jaundice (JAWN-dis)
A yellowish discoloration of the skin and eyes, usually caused by impaired liver function that affects the metabolism of bilirubin. (Chapter 10.4)
Jaundice (JAWN-dĭs)
A medical condition with yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, arising from excess of the pigment bilirubin. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.6)
Jaundice (JON-dĭs)
A yellowing of the skin and eyes due to a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. (Chapter 3.5)
Jejunum (jĭ-JŪ-num)
The part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. (Chapter 12.4)
Joints (jōyntz)
The locations where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement or stability in the skeleton. (Chapter 13.4)
Judgment (JŬJ-mĕnt)
The ability to make considered decisions or come to sensible conclusions. (Chapter 16.5)
K
Kaposi’s sarcoma (kă-PO-sēz sär-KŌ-mă)
A cancer caused by the herpes virus, typically observed in individuals with weakened immune systems. (Chapter 11.6)
Keloid (KĒ-loyd)
An area of irregular fibrous tissue formed at the site of a scar or injury. (Chapter 3.5)
Keratin (KĔR-ă-tĭn)
A protein found in the skin, hair, and nails, providing strength and protection. (Chapter 3.4)
Kidney transplant (KĬD-nē TRĂNS-plănt)
A surgical procedure to replace a diseased kidney with a healthy one from a donor. (Chapter 5.7)
Kidneys (KĬD-nēz)
A pair of organs in the urinary system responsible for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to form urine. (Chapter 5.4)
Kinesiologists (kī-nē-sē-ŎL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Specialists in the study of human movement. (Chapter 14.7)
Kinesiology (kī-nē-sē-ŌL-ŏ-jē)
The study of the mechanics of body movements. (Chapter 14.7)
Kyphosis (kī-FŌ-sĭs)
An excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing a hunching of the back. It can result from degenerative diseases, developmental problems, osteoporosis, or trauma. (Chapter 13.6)
L
Labia majora (LĀ-bē-uh MĀ-jŏr-uh)
Larger outer folds of hair-covered skin that begin just posterior to the mons pubis. (Chapter 7.4)
Labia minora (LĀ-bē-uh mĭ-NŌR-uh)
Thinner, hairless, and more pigmented folds found medially to the labia majora, protecting the female urethra and the entrance to the female reproductive tract. (Chapter 7.4)
Labored breathing (LĀ-bŏrd BRĒ-thĭng)
Breathing that requires more effort than normal; often a sign of distress or illness. (Chapter 4.5)
Laceration (lăs-ĕ-RĀ-shŏn)
A deep cut or tear in skin or flesh. (Chapter 3.5)
Lacrimal (LĂK-rĭ-măl)
Related to the lacrimal bones, small bones forming part of the eye socket. (Chapter 13.4)
Lacrimal gland (LAK-rĭ-măl glănd)
A gland located beneath the lateral edges of the nose that produces tears. (Chapter 15.4)
Lactation (lak-TĀ-shŏn)
The process of producing milk in the mammary glands to feed an infant. (Chapter 7.4)
Lactation (lăk-TĀ-shŏn)
The secretion of milk by the mammary glands. (Chapter 8.4)
Lactiferous (lak-TĬF-ĕr-us) ducts
Tubes carrying milk from the mammary glands (lobules) to the nipple. (Chapter 7.4)
Laminectomy (lăm-ĭ-NĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina. (Chapter 13.4)
Language (LĂNG-gwij)
The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words. (Chapter 16.5)
Lanugo (lă-NOO-gō)
Fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn. (Chapter 8.4)
Laparoscope (LAP-ă-rō-skōp)
A thin tube with a camera and light at the end, used for viewing the interior of the abdominal or pelvic cavities. (Chapter 12.6)
Laparoscopic lymph node biopsy (lăp-ăr-ŏ-SKŎ-pĭk limf nōd BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A minimally invasive procedure performed under general anesthesia, where a small tube with a light and camera is used to remove lymph node tissue. (Chapter 11.7)
Laparoscopy (lăp-ă-RŎS-kŏ-pē)
A surgical procedure using a laparoscope to examine the organs inside the abdomen. (Chapter 7.6)
Laparotomy (lap-uh-ROT-uh-mee)
A surgical procedure with a large incision in the abdomen to access the abdominal organs. (Chapter 7.6)
Large bowel resection (LARJ BOW-ĕl rĭ-SĔK-shŭn)
Surgical removal of part of the large intestine. (Chapter 12.6)
Large intestine (LARJ IN-tĕs-tĭn)
The last part of the digestive system, absorbing water and electrolytes, forming and storing feces. (Chapter 12.4)
Laryngitis (lă-rĭn-JĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the larynx, typically resulting in huskiness or loss of voice. (Chapter 4.4)
Larynx (LĀR-ĭngks)
The organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords; the voice box. (Chapter 4.4)
Laser surgery (LĀ-zĕr SUR-jə-rē)
A surgical technique that uses a laser to cut tissue instead of a scalpel. (Chapter 3.6)
Laser therapy (LĀ-zĕr THĔR-ă-pē)
The use of an intense light beam (laser) to treat various medical conditions, including removing abnormal cervical tissue. (Chapter 7.6)
Last menstrual period (last MEN-strū-ăl PĒ-rē-ŏd) (LMP)
The first day of a woman’s last menstrual cycle, used as a marker to estimate the date of conception. (Chapter 8.4)
Lateral
The position of lying on one’s side or the direction toward the side of the body. For example, the thumb is lateral to the digits. (Chapter 2.6)
Lateral collateral ligament (LĂT-ĕr-ăl KŎL-ă-TĔR-ăl LĬG-ă-mĕnt) (LCL)
A ligament on the outer side of the knee joint connecting the femur to the fibula. (Chapter 13.4)
Lateral malleolus (LĂT-ĕr-ăl MĂL-ē-ŏ-lŭs)
The bony prominence on the outside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. (Chapter 13.4)
Latissimus dorsi (lă-tĭs’ĭ-mŭs DŌR-sī)
A broad, flat muscle on the back that helps control movement of the shoulder. (Chapter 14.4)
Legal blindness (LĒ-găl BLĪND-nĕss)
A defined level of visual impairment that has been established as a threshold for eligibility for governmental disability benefits; typically, visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the best-corrected eye. (Chapter 15.5)
Lesion (lĒ-zhŏn)
A region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage through injury or disease. (Chapter 3.5)
Leukemia (lū-KĒM-ē-ă)
Cancer of the bone marrow and the body’s blood-forming tissues, characterized by an abundance of nonfunctional leukocytes (white blood cells). (Chapter 10.6)
Leukocytes (lū-kō-sīts)
White blood cells, which are part of the immune system and help the body to fight infection and other diseases. (Chapter 10.4)
Leukocytosis (lū-kō-sī-TŌ-sĭs)
Excessive leukocyte (white blood cell) production, often with nonfunctional cells, leading to increased risk of infection. (Chapter 10.6)
Leukopenia (lū-kō-PĒN-ē-ă)
A condition where too few leukocytes (white blood cells) are produced, impacting the individual’s ability to fight off disease. (Chapter 10.6)
Leukoplakia (loo-kō-PLĀ-kē-ă)
Thickened, white patches on the mucous membranes of the mouth, tongue, or cheek. (Chapter 3.5)
Libido (lĭ-BĒ-dō)
Sexual desire or drive. (Chapter 6.5)
Ligaments (LĬG-ă-mĕnts)
Bands of tough, fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones at joints. (Chapter 13.4)
Lipase (LĪ-pās)
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats (lipids). (Chapter 12.4)
Lipoma (lī-PŌ-mă)
A benign tumor made of fat tissue. (Chapter 3.5)
Lithotripsy (LĬTH-ō-trĭp-sē)
A medical procedure that uses shock waves or other means to break up stones in the kidney, bladder, or ureters. (Chapter 5.6)
Liver (LIV-ĕr)
A vital organ that plays multiple roles in digestion, metabolism, and hemostasis, including the production of bile and the storage of blood and blood cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Liver (LIV-ĕr)
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen, involved in many metabolic processes. (Chapter 12.4)
Lobectomy (lō-BĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, such as a lobe of the lung. (Chapter 4.4)
Lobes (lōbz)
Divisions of the lungs; the right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two. (Chapter 4.4)
Lochia (LŌ-kē-ă)
Vaginal discharge after giving birth (puerperium), containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. (Chapter 8.4)
Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (lōōp ĕ-lĕk-trō-SŬR-jĭ-kăl ĕk-SĬZ-shŭn prō-SĒ-jŭr) (LEEP)
A surgical technique used to remove abnormal cervical tissue using a thin wire loop that carries an electric current. (Chapter 7.6)
Lordosis (lor-DŌ-sĭs)
An excessive inward curvature of the spine, often affecting the lower back. It can be caused by obesity, poor posture, or other underlying conditions. (Chapter 13.6)
Low vision (LŌ VIZH-ŭn)
A condition where an individual has significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with standard glasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery, and which interferes with daily activities. (Chapter 15.5)
Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (lō-grād SKWĀ-mŭs ĭn-tră-ĕ-pĭ-THĒ-lē-ăl LĒ-zhŭns) (LSIL)
Changes in the cervical cells that are often associated with HPV infection and are typically mild, often resolving on their own. (Chapter 7.6)
Lower esophageal sphincter (LOH-ĕr ĭ-SOF-ă-gĕ-al SFINGK-tĕr)
A ring of muscle at the end of the esophagus where it meets the stomach, which acts as a valve to prevent the backflow of stomach contents. (Chapter 12.4)
Lumbar (LŬM-bär)
Related to the lower back or the lumbar vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Lumbar puncture (LŬM-băr PŬNK-chŭr)
A medical procedure where a needle is inserted into the lower part of the spinal column to collect cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic testing or to relieve pressure. (Chapter 16.7)
Lung cancer (lŭng KĂN-sŏr)
A type of cancer that begins in the lungs and may spread to lymph nodes or other organs in the body. (Chapter 4.6)
Lungs (lŭngz)
The main organs of the respiratory system, responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. (Chapter 4.4)
Lupus (LOO-pŭs)
The common name for systemic lupus erythematosus; an autoimmune disease in which the immune system recognizes its own cell antigens as being “non-self” and mounts an immune response against them. (Chapter 3.5)
Lupus (lū-pŭs)
Common name for systemic lupus erythematosus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body. (Chapter 13.6)
Luteinizing hormone (LŪ-tē-ĭ-nīz-ing HŌR-mōn) (LH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, involved in triggering ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. (Chapter 17.4)
Luteinizing hormone (LŪ-tē-ĭ-nīz-ĭng HŌR-mōn) (LH)
A hormone involved in triggering ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum. (Chapter 7.5)
Lymph (lĭmf)
A clear-to-white fluid that transports immune system cells, dietary lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine. (Chapter 11.4)
Lymph node dissection (lĭmf nōd dĭ-sĕk-shŏn)
Surgical removal of lymph nodes to examine for the presence of cancer. (Chapter 7.6)
Lymph nodes (limf nōdz)
Small bean-shaped organs located throughout the lymphatic system that store immune system cells and filter lymph fluid to remove foreign material. (Chapter 11.4, Chapter 11.6)
Lymphadenectomy (lĭmf-ăd-ĕ-NEK-tŏ-mē)
Another term for lymph node dissection, often used in the context of cancer treatment. (Chapter 7.6)
Lymphatic system (lĭmf-ă-TĬK sĭs-tŭm)
A network of organs, lymph nodes, lymph ducts, and lymph vessels that produce and transport lymph from tissue spaces to the bloodstream and is a major part of the body’s immune system. (Chapter 11.4)
Lymphedema (lim-fĕ-DĒ-mă)
A type of swelling that occurs when lymph fluid builds up in the body’s soft tissues, often in the arms or legs, typically due to damage to the lymph system. (Chapter 3.5)
Lymphedema (limf-e-DĒ-ma)
Inappropriate accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, often caused by damage to the lymphatic system. (Chapter 11.4)
Lymphocyte (LIM-fō-sīt)
A type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system. (Chapter 11.4, Chapter 11.5)
Lymphocytes (lĭm-fō-sīts)
A subtype of white blood cells found in the lymphatic system, playing a large role in the immune response. (Chapter 10.4)
Lymphoma (lim-FŌ-mă)
A type of cancer where masses of malignant lymphocytes (white blood cells) collect in lymph nodes, the spleen, the liver, and other tissues. (Chapter 10.6)
Lymphoma (lĭm-FŌ-mă)
Cancer that originates from the lymphatic system. (Chapter 11.6)
M
Macular degeneration (MĂK-yŭ-lăr Dĕ-gĕn-ĕ-RĀ-shŭn)
A common eye condition among older adults that leads to loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) due to damage to the retina. (Chapter 15.5)
Macule (MAK-ūl)
A flat, discolored spot on the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Magnetic resonance imaging (măg-NĔT-ĭk rĕz-ŏ-năns ĬM-ă-jing) (MRI)
A medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. (Chapter 4.7)
Magnetic resonance imaging (măg-NĔT-ĭk rĕz-ŏ-năns ĬM-ă-jĭng) (MRI)
A medical imaging technique used to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. (Chapter 14.7)
Malignant (mă-lĭg-nănt)
Malignant cells exhibit uncontrolled growth and rapidly divide, subsequently invading and causing damage to normal functioning cells. (Chapter 11.6)
Malleus (MĂL-ē-ŭs)
A small bone in the middle ear attached to the tympanic membrane, resembling a hammer. (Chapter 15.4)
Mammogram (MĂM-ō-grăm)
An X-ray image of the breast used to detect and diagnose breast abnormalities. (Chapter 7.6, Chapter 7.7)
Mandible (MĂN-dĭ-bŭl)
The lower jawbone. (Chapter 13.4)
Manubrium (mă-NŪ-brē-ŭm)
The upper part of the sternum. (Chapter 13.4)
Massage therapists (MĂ-sāj THĔR-ă-pĭsts)
Professionals who practice manual manipulation of soft body tissues (muscle, connective tissue, tendons, and ligaments) to enhance a person’s health and well-being. (Chapter 14.7)
Mastitis (mas-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the breast, often occurring during lactation. (Chapter 7.5)
Maxillary (MĂK-sĭ-lăr-ē)
Pertaining to the maxilla or the upper jawbone. (Chapter 13.4)
Mechanical ventilator (mĕ-kăn-Ĭ-kăl vĕn-tĬ-lā-tŏr)
A machine that provides respiratory support for patients who are unable to breathe effectively on their own. (Chapter 4.7)
Meconium (mē-KŌ-nē-ŭm)
The first stool of a newborn. (Chapter 8.4)
Meconium aspiration (mĕ-KŌ-nē-ŭm AS-pĭ-RĀ-shŏn)
A medical condition affecting newborns in which meconium is ingested into their lungs in utero. (Chapter 8.4)
Medial
The middle or the direction toward the middle of the body. For example, the hallux is the medial toe. (Chapter 2.6)
Medial collateral ligament (MĒ-dē-ăl KŎL-ă-TĔR-ăl LĬG-ă-mĕnt) (MCL)
A ligament on the inner side of the knee, connecting the femur to the tibia. (Chapter 13.4)
Medial malleolus (MĒ -dē-ăl MĂL-ē-ŏ-lŭs)
The bony prominence on the inside of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. (Chapter 13.4)
Medical laboratory assistants (mĕd-ĭ-căl LĂB-ŏr-ă-tŏr-ē ă-Sĭs-tănts) (MLA)
Professionals who assist in preparing, testing, and processing specimen samples. (Chapter 10.7)
Medical laboratory scientists (mĕd-ĭ-căl LĂB-ŏr-ă-tŏr-ē Sĭ-ĔN-tĭsts) (MLS)
Professionals who perform complex analyses of tissue, blood, and other body fluids. (Chapter 10.7)
Medical oncologists (mĕd-ĭ-kăl ŏn-KOL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Physicians specializing in treating cancer with medication. (Chapter 7.6)
Medical technologist (mĕd-ĭ-căl Tĕk-nŏl-ŏ-jist) (MT)
A medical professional who tests and analyzes blood, other body fluids, and tissue samples. (Chapter 10.7)
Megaloblastic anemia (mĕ-gŭh-lō-plă-stĭk ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
Involves a deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folate, often due to inadequate dietary intake. (Chapter 10.6)
Melanocytes (mĕl-ĀN-ō-sītz)
Cells located in the epidermis that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. (Chapter 3.4)
Melanoma (mel-ă-NŌ-mă)
A serious form of skin cancer that arises from the pigment-producing cells in the skin called melanocytes. (Chapter 3.5)
Melatonin (MĔL-ă-tō-nĭn)
A hormone produced by the pineal gland, affecting reproductive development and daily physiological cycles, including sleep patterns. (Chapter 17.4)
Melena (mĕ-LĒ-nă)
Dark sticky feces containing partly digested blood, indicative of gastrointestinal bleeding. (Chapter 12.5)
Memory (MĔM-ŏ-rē)
The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information. (Chapter 16.5)
Menarche (mĕn-ĂR-kē)
The first occurrence of menstruation in a female. (Chapter 7.5)
Meninges (mĕn-ĭn-jēz)
The three membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord, providing protection for these structures. (Chapter 16.4)
Meniscectomy (mĕn-ĭ-SĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of all or part of a torn meniscus. (Chapter 13.4)
Meniscitis (men-ĭ-SĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of a meniscus, typically in the knee. (Chapter 13.4)
Meniscus (mĕ-NĬS-kŭs)
A C-shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint that acts as a shock absorber between the femur and tibia. (Chapter 13.4)
Menometrorrhagia (mĕn-ō-mĕt-rō-RĀ-jē-ă)
Excessive and prolonged uterine bleeding occurring at irregular and/or frequent intervals. (Chapter 7.5)
Menopause (MEN-ŏ-poz)
The end of menstrual cycles in a woman’s life, marking the end of reproductive years. (Chapter 7.6)
Menorrhagia (mĕn-ō-RĀ-jē-ă)
Excessive menstrual bleeding. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 7.6)
Menstruation (men-strŪ-Ā-shŏn)
The monthly shedding of the endometrial lining in females, typically involving vaginal bleeding. (Chapter 7.5)
Metacarpals (mĕt-ă-KĂR-pălz)
The bones of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. (Chapter 13.4)
Metastases (mĕ-TĂS-tă-sēz)
The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. (Chapter 4.6)
Metastasize (mĕ-tăs-tă-sīz)
The spread of malignant cells through the blood or lymphatic system and invasion in other areas of the body. (Chapter 11.6)
Metastasize (mĕ-TĂS-tă-sīz)
The process by which cancer cells spread from the place where they first formed to another part of the body. (Chapter 3.5)
Metastasized (mĕ-tăs-tă-sīzd)
The process by which cancer spreads from the primary site to other parts of the body. (Chapter 7.6)
Metatarsals (mĕt-ă-TĂR-sălz)
The bones in the midfoot and forefoot. (Chapter 13.4)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (mĕth-ĭ-SĬL-ĭn rĕ-zĭs-tănt STĂF-ə-lō-KŌK-ŭs OWR-ē-ŭs) (MRSA)
A strain of staph bacteria that’s resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat staph infections. (Chapter 3.5)
Metrorrhagia (mē-trō-RĀ-jă)
Bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation. (Chapter 7.5)
Micturate (MĬK-tū-rāt)
To urinate or pass urine. (Chapter 5.4)
Midwife (MĬD-wīf)
An individual who practices midwifery. (Chapter 8.6)
Midwifery (mĭd-WIF-ĕr-ē)
The practice of assisting women in childbirth. (Chapter 8.6)
Miscarriage (MĬS-kăr-ĭj)
Loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.5)
Mitosis (mī-TŌ-sĭs)
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. (Chapter 8.4)
Modified radical mastectomy (mŏd-ĭ-fīd răd-ĭ-kăl mas-TEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgery removing the entire breast with cancer, most of the lymph nodes, and sometimes other tissues. (Chapter 7.6)
Mohs surgery (MŌZ SŬR-jĕr-ē)
A precise surgical technique used to treat skin cancer, involving the progressive removal and examination of layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue remains. (Chapter 3.5)
Mole (MŌL)
A small skin growth that is usually brown or black; formed due to a cluster of pigmented cells. (Chapter 3.5)
Monocytes (mŏn-ō-sīts)
A type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, and cancer cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Mons pubis (MŎNZ PYŪ-bĭs)
A rounded mass of fatty tissue lying over the joint of the pubic bones, becoming covered in hair after puberty. (Chapter 7.4)
Mucous membranes
A type of epithelial membrane that lines body cavities and their passageways that open to the external environment. Mucus, produced by epithelial exocrine glands, covers the epithelial membrane and provides protection. The digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts contain mucous membranes. (Chapter 2.5)
Mucus (MŪ-kŭs)
A slippery secretion produced by, and covering, mucous membranes for lubrication and protection. (Chapter 4.4)
Multigravida (mŭl-tĭ-GRĂV-ĭ-dă)
A woman who has been pregnant more than once. (Chapter 8.4)
Multipara (mŭl-TĬP-ă-ră)
A woman who has given birth to more than one child. (Chapter 8.4)
Multiple sclerosis (MŬL-tĭ-pl sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs) (MS)
An autoimmune disease that affects the brain and spinal cord, leading to demyelination, inflammation, and scarring, resulting in a range of symptoms including physical, mental, and sometimes psychiatric problems. (Chapter 16.6)
Murmur (MUR-mŭr)
A sound heard during heartbeat that may be a normal or an abnormal finding, often caused by turbulent blood flow. (Chapter 9.6)
Muscular dystrophy (mŭs’kyŭ-lăr DĬS-trŏ-fē) (MD)
A group of diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. (Chapter 14.6)
Myalgia (mī-ĂL-jē-ă)
Pain in a muscle or group of muscles. (Chapter 14.5, Chapter 14.6)
Myasthenia (mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă)
Muscle weakness. (Chapter 14.5, Chapter 14.6)
Myasthenia gravis (mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă GRĂ-vĭs) (MG)
A chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are responsible for breathing and moving parts of the body, including the arms and legs. (Chapter 14.6)
Myelin (mī-ĕ-lĭn)
The protective fatty layer that wraps around the nerve fibers (axons), facilitating the fast transmission of electrical signals. (Chapter 16.4)
Myeloma (mī-ĕ-LŌ-mă)
A type of cancer that originates in the bone marrow. (Chapter 13.4)
Myocardial infarction (mī-ŏ-kar′dē-ăl in-FARK-shŏn) (MI)
Commonly known as a heart attack, caused by blockage of blood flow to the heart tissue resulting in death of cardiac muscle cells. (Chapter 9.4, Chapter 9.6)
Myoglobin (mī-Ŏ-glō-bĭn)
A red protein containing heme that carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. (Chapter 14.6)
Myolysis (mī-OL-ŏ-sĭs)
A procedure involving the destruction of fibroids using electric current or freezing. (Chapter 7.6)
Myomectomy (mī-ō-MĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of fibroids from the uterus. (Chapter 7.6)
Myopia (mī-Ō-pē-ă)
Also known as nearsightedness, a common vision condition where distant objects appear blurry. (Chapter 15.5)
Myorrhaphy (mī-ŎR-ă-fē)
The surgical suturing of a muscle. (Chapter 14.7)
Myosin (MĪ-ŏ-sin)
A type of protein filament that interacts with actin in muscle contraction and is also involved in cellular transport. (Chapter 14.4)
Myringotomy (mĭr-ĭn-GŎT-ō-mē)
A surgical procedure where a small incision is made in the eardrum to relieve pressure or drain fluid. (Chapter 15.5)
N
Nasal (NĀ-zăl)
Pertaining to the nasal bones of the nose. (Chapter 13.4)
Nasal cannula (NĀ-zăl KĂN-yū-lă)
A device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or increased airflow to a patient in need of respiratory help. (Chapter 4.7)
Nausea (NAW-zē-ă)
A feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit. (Chapter 12.5)
Nebulizer (NĒB-yū-lī-zĕr)
A device for converting a drug into mist and delivering it to the lungs, often used in treating asthma and other respiratory conditions. (Chapter 4.6)
Necrosis (nĕ-KRŌ-sĭs)
The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply causing the skin to turn black. (Chapter 3.5)
Needle biopsy (NĒ-dĭl BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure where a needle is inserted into a lymph node, typically under local anesthesia and guided by ultrasound or CT scan, for tissue examination. (Chapter 11.7)
Needle biopsy (NĒ-dŭl BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure to obtain a sample of cells from the body for laboratory testing, often used to diagnose diseases such as cancer. (Chapter 4.7)
Neonate (NĒ-ō-nāt)
A newborn child, specifically within the first four weeks after birth. (Chapter 8.4)
Neonatologists (nē-ō-nă-TOL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Physicians who specialize in the medical care of newborns. (Chapter 8.6)
Nephrolithiasis (nĕf-rō-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs)
The presence of stones (calculi) in the kidney. (Chapter 5.6)
Nephrolithotomy (nĕf-rō-lĭ-THŎT-ŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove stones from the kidney. (Chapter 5.6)
Nephrologist (nĕ-FRŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases. Nephrologists manage various conditions related to kidney function, including chronic kidney disease, kidney infections, kidney stones, and hypertension related to kidney problems. (Chapter 5.7)
Nephrology (nĕf-RŎL-ŏ-jē)
Study of the physiology and diseases of the kidneys. (Chapter 5.7)
Nephron (NĔF-rŏn)
The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering and excreting waste products from the blood. (Chapter 5.4)
Nephroscope (NĔF-rŏ-skōp)
An instrument used in surgery to visualize the interior of the kidney, particularly in procedures involving kidney stones. (Chapter 5.6)
Neurologist (nū-RŎL-ō-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles. (Chapter 16.7)
Neurologists (nū-rŎL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Physicians who specialize in the treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system. (Chapter 14.7)
Neurology (noo-ROL-ŏ-jē)
The study of the nervous system. (Chapter 16.7)
Neurons (nŭr-ŏns)
Nerve cells that are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, responsible for transmitting information throughout the body. (Chapter 16.4)
Neurosurgeons (nū-RŎ-sŭrj-ŭnz)
Surgeons who specialize in surgery on the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 16.7)
Neurotransmitter (nŭr-ō-trăns-mĭt-ĕr)
Chemical substances that transmit nerve signals across a synapse from one neuron to another. (Chapter 16.4)
Neutrophils (nū-trō-fĭls)
A type of white blood cell that helps heal damaged tissues and resolve infections. (Chapter 10.4)
Nevus (NĒ-vŭs)
A benign skin lesion, commonly known as a mole, that is often pigmented. (Chapter 3.5)
Nocturia (nŏk-TŪR-ē-ă)
The need to wake up and urinate frequently during the night. (Chapter 5.5)
Nodule (NOJ-ool)
A small lump or growth on or under the skin, often a sign of an underlying condition or disease. (Chapter 3.5)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (nŏn-HŎJ-kĭn lim-FŌ-mă) (NHL)
A diverse group of blood cancers that includes all types of lymphoma except Hodgkin’s lymphomas, less predictable than Hodgkin lymphoma, and more likely to metastasize. (Chapter 11.6)
Noninvasive prenatal testing (nŏn-ĭn-VĀ-sĭv prē-NĀ-tăl TĔS-tĭng)
A blood test of the mother to determine risk of fetal genetic abnormalities. (Chapter 8.6)
Nonstress test (NŎN-strĕs tĕst)
A test that monitors the fetal heart rate in response to fetal movement. (Chapter 8.6)
Norepinephrine (nôr-ĕp-ĭ-NĔF-rĭn)
A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla, involved in the body’s response to stress and also acts as a neurotransmitter. (Chapter 17.4)
Normal sinus rhythm (SĪ-nŭs RITH-ŭm) (NSR)
The regular, natural rhythm of the heart, characterized by coordinated electrical activity. (Chapter 9.6)
NPO (en-pē-ō)
A commonly used medical abbreviation for “nil per os,” the Latin phrase that means “nothing by mouth.” (Chapter 12.5)
Nucleic acid amplification testing (no͞o-klē-ĭk ĂS-ĭd ăm-plĭ-fĭ-KĀ-shŏn tĕst-ing) (NAAT)
A laboratory test that increases the amount of DNA or RNA in a sample to detect the presence of specific organisms, such as bacteria or viruses. (Chapter 6.6)
Nulligravida (nŭl-ĭ-GRĂV-ĭ-dă)
A woman who has never been pregnant. (Chapter 8.4)
Nutrients (NŪ-trē-ĕntz)
Substances that provide nourishment to cells. (Chapter 12.5)
Nyctalopia (nik-ta-LŌ-pē-ă)
Poor vision at night or in dimly lit environments, commonly known as night blindness. (Chapter 15.5)
Nystagmus (nĭs-TĂG-mŭs)
Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes, which can impair vision and affect balance. (Chapter 15.5)
O
Obesity (ō-BĒ-sĭ-tē)
A medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to an extent that it may have a negative effect on health. (Chapter 12.5)
Oblique (ō-blēk)
Bone is broken at an angle. (Chapter 13.6)
Oblique plane
Divides the body at an angle between the horizontal and vertical planes. (Chapter 2.7)
Obstetrician (ob-stĕ-TRISH-ăn)
A physician who specializes in obstetrics (OB) and gynecology (GYN). (Chapter 8.6)
Obstetrics (ŏb-STE-triks) (OB)
A medical specialty concerning care of the mother and fetus during pregnancy, childbirth, and immediately after childbirth. (Chapter 8.1, Chapter 8.6)
Obstetrics (ŏb-STĔT-rĭks) (OB)
The branch of medicine and surgery concerned with childbirth and the care of women giving birth. (Chapter 7.7)
Obstructive sleep apnea (ŏb-STRŬK-tĭv slēp ăp-NĒ-ă) (OSA)
A sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep. (Chapter 4.6)
Occipital (ŏk-SĬP-ĭ-tăl)
Pertaining to the occipital bone at the back and base of the skull. (Chapter 13.4)
Occipital lobe (ŏk-SĬP-ĭ-tăl lōb)
The rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain, responsible for processing visual information. (Chapter 16.4)
Occlude (ŏ-KLOOD)
To block or close a blood vessel or passage. (Chapter 9.5)
Occupational therapists (ŏk-yŭ-pā-shŏn-ăl THĔR-ă-pĭsts) (OT)
Health professionals who help people recover, develop, and maintain daily living and work skills. (Chapter 14.7)
Occupational therapy assistants (ŏk-yŭ-pā-shŏn-ăl THĔR-ă-pē ă-SĬS-tănts) (OTA)
Professionals who work under the direction of occupational therapists to assist patients in developing, recovering, and improving the skills needed for daily living and working. (Chapter 14.7)
Ocular myasthenia (Ō-kyŭ-lăr mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă)
A form of myasthenia gravis that primarily affects the muscles that control eye and eyelid movement. (Chapter 14.6)
Oligohydramnios (ŏl-ĭg-ō-hī-DRĂM-nē-ōs)
A condition in pregnancy characterized by a deficiency in amniotic fluid, which can compromise the fetus’s development. (Chapter 8.4)
Oligomenorrhea (ŏl-ĭ-gō-mĕn-ō-RĒ-ă)
Infrequent or very light menstruation. (Chapter 7.5)
Oliguria (ŏ-lĭ-GŪR-ē-ă)
The production of abnormally small amounts of urine, often indicative of kidney dysfunction or dehydration. (Chapter 5.5)
Omentectomy (ō-mĕn-TEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the omentum, a part of the peritoneum in the abdomen. (Chapter 7.6)
Oncotic pressure (ŏn-KŎT-ĭk PRĔSH-ŭr)
The form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, particularly albumin, in the blood plasma or other solutions. (Chapter 5.5)
Onycholysis (ŏn-ĭ-KŌL-ĭ-sĭs)
The painless detachment of the nail from the nail bed. (Chapter 3.4)
Onychomycosis (ŏn-ī-kō-mī-KŌ-sĭs)
Fungal infections of the nails. (Chapter 3.5)
Onychophagia (ŏn-ĭ-kō-FĀ-jē-ă)
The habit of biting the nails. (Chapter 3.4)
Oogenesis (ō-ŏ-JEN-ĕ-sĭs)
The process in female reproduction where ova (egg cells) are produced in the ovaries. (Chapter 8.4)
Oophorectomy (ō-ŏ-fŏ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of one or both ovaries. (Chapter 7.7)
Open lymph node biopsy (Ō-pĕn limf nōd BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A surgical procedure to remove all or part of a lymph node, usually performed if the lymph node is large enough to be felt on physical exam. (Chapter 11.7)
Open or compound fracture (ō-pĕn ōr kŏm-pound)
A severe type of bone fracture where the broken bone pierces through the skin, creating an open wound. This type increases the risk of infection. (Chapter 13.6)
Open radical prostatectomy (OPEN RAD-ĭ-kăl prŌS-tă-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical technique involving an incision to remove the prostate gland. (Chapter 6.6)
Open reduction and internal fixation (ō-pĕn rĭ-DŬK-shŏn ănd ĭn-tĕr-năl fĭk-SĀ-shŏn) (ORIF)
A type of surgery used to stabilize and heal a broken bone using screws, plates, wires, or nails to reconnect bones. (Chapter 13.7)
Ophthalmologist (ŏp-thăl-MŎL-ō-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating eye disorders and performing eye surgery. (Chapter 15.6)
Ophthalmoscope (op-THAL-mŏ-skōp)
An instrument used to examine the interior structures of the eye. (Chapter 15.6)
Ophthalmoscopy (op-thal-MOS-kŏ-pē)
The examination of the interior of the eye, particularly the retina, using an ophthalmoscope. (Chapter 15.6)
Opportunistic infection (ŏp-ŏr-tū-NĬS-tĭk ĭn-FĔK-shŏn)
Infections that occur more often or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems. (Chapter 11.6)
Optic nerve (OP-tik nerv)
The nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (Chapter 15.4)
Opticians (ŏp-TĬSH-ăns)
Technicians who design, verify, and fit eyeglass lenses and frames, contact lenses, and other devices to correct eyesight. (Chapter 15.6)
Optometrist (ŏp-TŎM-ĕ-trĭst)
A health care professional who examines eyes for vision and health problems and prescribes corrective lenses. (Chapter 15.6)
Oral cavity (ŌR-ăl KAV-ĭ-tē)
The mouth area, encompassing the lips, cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. (Chapter 12.4)
Oral glucose tolerance test (ŌR-ăl GLŪ-kōs TŌL-ĕr-ăns tĕst) (OGTT)
A test where a person consumes a glucose-rich beverage, and their blood sugar levels are tested over several hours to assess glucose metabolism. (Chapter 17.6)
Orchiectomy (or-kē-EK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of one or both testicles, often done for cancer treatment or hormone therapy. (Chapter 6.6)
Organ systems
A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the physiological needs of the body. There are eleven distinct organ systems in the human body, including the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and male and female reproductive systems. (Chapter 2.2)
Orgasm (OR-găzm)
The climax of sexual stimulation. (Chapter 6.5)
Orientation (or-ē-ĕn-TĀ-shŏn)
The patient’s awareness of their immediate circumstances (i.e., being oriented to person, place, and time). (Chapter 16.5)
Orthopedics (or-thŏ-pē-dĭks)
A branch of medicine that treats disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system. (Chapter 13.7)
Orthopedists (or-thŏ-pē-dĭsts)
Medical doctors who specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and surgery of disorders and diseases related to the musculoskeletal system. (Chapter 13.7)
Orthopedists (ôr-THĒ-pĕ-dĭsts)
Medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis, correction, prevention, and treatment of patients with skeletal deformities. (Chapter 14.7)
Orthotic/prosthetic devices (ŏr-THŎT-ĭk/prŏs-THĔT-ĭk dĭ-VĪS-ĕz)
Apparatuses used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities, or to improve the function of movable parts of the body. Orthotic devices are typically used to support weak or ineffective joints or muscles, whereas prosthetic devices replace missing body parts. (Chapter 14.6)
Osmosis (ŏz-MŌ-sĭs)
The movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration. (Chapter 5.5)
Osteoarthritis (ŏs-tē-ō-är-THRĪ-tĭs)
A degenerative joint disease in which the tissues in the joint break down over several years. It is the most common type of arthritis and frequently occurs as people age. (Chapter 13.6)
Osteoblasts (ŏs-tē-ō-BLĀSTS)
Cells that form new bone tissue. (Chapter 13.4)
Osteoclasts (ŏs-tē-ō-KLĀSTS)
Cells that break down and resorb bone tissue. (Chapter 13.4)
Osteocytes (ŏs-tē-Ō-SĪTS)
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue. (Chapter 13.4)
Osteomalacia (ŏs-tē-ō-mă-LĀ-sē-ă)
Softening of bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium. (Chapter 13.4)
Osteomyelitis (ŏs-tē-ō-mī-ĕ-LĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of bone and bone marrow, usually caused by infection. (Chapter 13.4, Chapter 13.6)
Osteonecrosis (ŏs-tē-ō-nĕ-KRŌ-sĭs)
Death of bone tissue due to a lack of blood supply. (Chapter 13.4, Chapter 13.7)
Osteopathy (ŏs-tē-ŏ-pă-thē)
A branch of medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles. (Chapter 13.7)
Osteopenia (ŏs-tē-ō-PĒ-nē-ă)
Reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis. (Chapter 13.4, Chapter 13.6)
Osteoporosis (ŏs-tē-ō-pō-RŌ-sĭs)
A condition where bones become weak and brittle, often due to loss of tissue as a result of hormonal changes or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D. It increases the risk of fractures. (Chapter 13.4, Chapter 13.6)
Osteosarcoma (ŏs-tē-ō-sär-KŌ-mă)
A type of malignant bone tumor. (Chapter 13.4)
Ostomy appliance (ŎS-tŏ-mē ă-PLĪ-ăns)
A device used to collect waste from a surgically diverted biological system (such as a colostomy, ileostomy). (Chapter 12.6)
Otitis externa (ō-TĪ-tĭs eks-TUR-nă)
Inflammation or infection of the outer ear canal, often referred to as “swimmer’s ear.” (Chapter 15.5)
Otitis media (ō-TĪ-tĭs MĒ-dē-ă)
Inflammation or infection of the middle ear, common in children and often associated with upper respiratory infections. (Chapter 15.5)
Otolaryngologist (ō-tō-lăr-ĭn-GŎL-ō-jĭst)
A physician who specializing in ear, nose, and throat disorders, also known as an ENT doctor. (Chapter 15.6)
Otology (ō-TŎL-ō-jē)
The study of the ear and its diseases. (Chapter 15.6)
Otosclerosis (ō-tō-sklĕ-RŌ-sĭs)
A hearing loss condition caused by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. (Chapter 15.5)
Otoscope (Ō-tō-skōp)
An instrument used for visual examination of the ear canal and tympanic membrane. (Chapter 15.5, Chapter 15.6)
Otoscopy (ō-TŎS-kō-pē)
The examination of the ear canal and eardrum with an otoscope. (Chapter 15.6)
Ovarian cancer (ō-VAR-ē-ăn KAN-sĕr)
Cancer that originates in the ovarian tissues. (Chapter 7.6)
Ovarian cyst (ō-VĀR-ē-an sĭst)
A fluid-filled sac in the ovary, often part of the normal menstrual cycle or a benign condition. (Chapter 7.6)
Ovary (Ō-văr-ē)
Female reproductive gland responsible for producing oocytes (eggs) and hormones. (Chapter 7.4)
Ovulation (ov-yŭ-LĀ-shŏn)
The release of an ovum (egg) from the dominant follicle in the ovary, typically occurring around the middle of the menstrual cycle. (Chapter 7.5)
Ovum (Ō-vum)
The female reproductive cell, or egg, which, when fertilized by a sperm, can develop into an embryo. (Chapter 7.5)
Oxytocin (ŏk-sē-TŌ-sĭn)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, involved in childbirth, lactation, and social bonding. (Chapter 17.4)
Oxytocin (ŏk-sē-TŌ-sĭn)
A hormone that causes the uterus to contract during labor and stimulates the mammary glands to release milk. (Chapter 8.4)
P
Palatine (PĂL-ă-tīn)
Related to the palatine bones of the skull, forming parts of the nasal cavity and hard palate. (Chapter 13.4)
Pallor (PĂL-or)
An unhealthy pale appearance. (Chapter 3.5)
Palmar
The palm side of one’s hand. (Chapter 2.6)
Palpate (PAL-pāt)
Examine (a part of the body) by touch, especially for medical purposes. (Chapter 12.5)
Palpitations (pal-pĭ-TĀ-shŏnz)
A sensation where an individual feels that their heart is racing, pounding, fluttering, or skipping a beat. (Chapter 9.6)
Pancreas (PAN-krē-ăs)
A large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum. (Chapter 12.4)
Pancreas (PĂN-krē-ăs)
An organ with both exocrine and endocrine functions, producing digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. (Chapter 17.4)
Pancreatectomy (păn-krē-ă-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Chapter 17.7)
Pancreatitis (păn-krē-a-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the pancreas. (Chapter 12.6)
Pancytopenia (păn-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă)
A reduction of all types of blood components including red and white blood cells, and platelets. (Chapter 10.6)
Papanicolaou smear (păp-ă-NĒ-kă-low smēr) (Pap smear)
A screening procedure for cervical cancer and precancerous conditions, involving the collection of cells from the cervix. (Chapter 7.6, Chapter 7.7)
Papule (PAP-ūl)
A small, raised, solid bump on the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Para (PĂR-ă)
A term used in obstetrics to indicate the number of live births a woman has had. (Chapter 8.4)
Paralysis (păr-ă-LĪ-sĭs)
The loss of the ability to move (and sometimes to feel anything) in part or most of the body, typically as a result of illness, poison, or injury. (Chapter 14.6)
Paralytic Ileus (păr-ă-LĬT-ĭk Ī-lē-ŭs)
A condition in which the intestine does not work properly and there is no movement of food or waste in the intestine. (Chapter 12.6)
Paraplegia (păr-ă-PLĒ-jē-ă)
Paralysis of the legs and lower body, typically caused by spinal injury or disease. (Chapter 14.6)
Parathyroid glands (PĂR-ă-THĪ-rŏid glandz)
Small glands located on the thyroid gland that produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the blood. (Chapter 17.4)
Parathyroid hormone (PĂR-ă-THĪ-rŏid HŌR-mōn) (PTH)
A hormone produced by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate balance in the blood and bone metabolism. (Chapter 17.4)
Parathyroidectomy (păr-ă-thī-royd-ĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove one or more of the parathyroid glands. (Chapter 17.6, Chapter 17.7)
Paresthesia (par-es-THĒ-zh(ē-)ă)
An abnormal sensation, such as tingling, pricking, or numbness, typically with no apparent physical cause. (Chapter 16.5)
Parietal (pă-rī-ĔT-ăl)
Pertaining to the parietal bones of the skull, located at the sides and top of the cranium. (Chapter 13.4)
Parietal lobe (pă-rī-ĕ-tăl lōb)
The upper middle lobe of the cerebrum, involved in processing sensory information such as touch, temperature, and pain. (Chapter 16.4)
Parkinson’s disease (pär-kĭn-sŏnz dĭ-zēz) (PD)
A progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement, often including tremors, muscle rigidity, and changes in speech and gait. (Chapter 16.6)
Partial colectomy (păr-shul kō-LEK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove part of the colon and is used to treat or prevent diseases and conditions that affect the colon. (Chapter 12.6)
Partial nephrectomy (pär-shŭl nĕf-RĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove a portion of the kidney, typically done to treat kidney cancer while preserving kidney function. (Chapter 5.6)
Partial thromboplastin time (pär-shăl thrŏm-bō-PLAS-tĭn tīm) (PTT)
A blood test that measures a specific group of clotting factors and is used to diagnose clotting disorders or monitor patients on anticoagulants. (Chapter 10.5)
Parturition (păr-tū-RĬSH-ŭn)
The act of giving birth; the process of childbirth. (Chapter 8.4)
Passive immunity (PĂS-ĭv im-Ū-nĭt-ē)
A type of immunity obtained by receiving antibodies produced by someone else, such as through the placenta from the mother to the infant or via injection of antibodies. (Chapter 11.5)
Passive range of motion (păs-ĭv rānj ŏv mō-shŏn) (PROM)
The extent of movement a joint can be moved by an external force without muscle contraction. (Chapter 14.7)
Patella (pă-TĔL-ă)
The kneecap, a small bone in front of the knee joint. (Chapter 13.4)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PĀ-tĕnt DŬK-tŭs är-tēr′-ē-ō-sŭs)
A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, allowing blood to flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery. (Chapter 9.6)
Patent foramen ovale (PĀ-tĕnt fŏ-rā′-mĕn ō-vā′-lē)
A congenital heart defect where a hole in the septum between the heart’s atria does not close at birth. (Chapter 9.6)
Pathogens (PATH-ō-jĕns)
Microorganisms that cause disease. (Chapter 3.5)
Pathogens (PĂTH-ō-jĕnz)
Bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause infection and disease. (Chapter 11.5)
Peak flow meter (pēk flō mē-tĕr)
A small, hand-held device used to measure the ability to push air out of the lungs. (Chapter 4.6)
Pectoralis major (pĕk’tŏ-rĂ-lĭs MĀ-jŏr)
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated at the chest of the body, making up the bulk of the male chest. (Chapter 14.4)
Pediatrician (pēd-ē-ă-TRISH-ăn)
A doctor who focuses on the health of infants, children, and adolescents. (Chapter 8.6)
Pediculosis (pĕd-ĭ-kū-LŌ-sĭs)
An infection with lice, typically affecting the head and resulting in itching and visible nits. (Chapter 3.5)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PĔL-vĭk ĭn-flă-MĂ-tōr-ē dĭ-ZĒZ) (PID)
A complication of STIs, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, affecting female reproductive organs. (Chapter 6.6)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PĔL-vĭk ĭn-flă-MĂ-tŏ-rē) (PID)
An infection of the female reproductive organs, often caused by sexually transmitted infections. (Chapter 7.6)
Pelvic lymphadenectomy (PĔL-vĭk lim-fad-ĕ-NEK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of lymph nodes in the pelvis to check for cancer spread. (Chapter 6.6)
Pelvic sonography (PEL-vik sō-NOG-ră-fē)
An ultrasound of the pelvic region, used during pregnancy to evaluate fetal growth and well-being. (Chapter 8.6)
Pelvis (PĔL-vĭs)
The large bony structure near the base of the spine which includes the two hip bones, the sacrum, and the coccyx to which the legs are attached. (Chapter 13.4)
Penis (PĒ-nĭs)
The male organ used for urination and sexual intercourse. (Chapter 6.4)
Peptic ulcer disease (PĔP-tĭk UL-sĕr dĭ-ZĒZ) (PUD)
A condition where ulcers form on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine, typically caused by inflammation due to H. pylori bacteria and the use of NSAIDs. (Chapter 12.6)
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (pûr-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs ĕn-DŎS-kŏ-pĭk găs-TRŎS-tŏ-mē) (PEG)
A medical procedure in which a tube is passed into a patient’s stomach through the abdominal wall, most commonly to provide a means of feeding when oral intake is not adequate. (Chapter 12.5)
Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (pĕr-kyū-TĀ-nē-ŭs trăns-LOO-mĭ-năl KOR-ŏ-nā-rē AN-jee-ō-plas-tē) (PTCA)
A procedure to open up blocked coronary arteries, allowing blood to circulate unobstructed to the heart muscle. (Chapter 9.7)
Perfusion (pĕr-FYŪ-zhŭn)
The passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or a tissue. (Chapter 4.5)
Perfusion (pĕr-FŪ-zhŏn)
The passage of blood through the blood vessels to supply organs and tissues. (Chapter 9.5)
Pericardiocentesis (per-ĭ-kar-dē-ō-sen-TĒ-sĭs)
A procedure to remove fluid from the sac surrounding the heart. (Chapter 9.7)
Perineum (pĕr-ĭ-NĒ-um)
The area between the vaginal opening and the anus. (Chapter 7.4)
Perineum (pĕr-ĭ-NĒ-ŭm)
The area between the anus and the vulva in females, and between the anus and the scrotum in males. (Chapter 8.4)
Peripartum depression (pĕr-ĭ-PÄR-tŭm di-PRESH-ŭn)
Depression that occurs during pregnancy or within four weeks of childbirth. (Chapter 8.4)
Peripheral artery disease (pĕr-IF-ĕr-ăl AR-tĕr-ē dĭ-ZĒZ) (PAD)
A condition characterized by narrowed arteries in the peripheral parts of the body, often leading to pain and muscle cramps. (Chapter 9.6)
Peripheral nervous system (pĕ-rĬF-ĕr-ăl NŬR-vŭs SĬS-tĕm) (PNS)
The part of the nervous system outside the CNS, consisting mainly of the nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord. (Chapter 16.4)
Peristalsis (pĕr-ĭ-STAL-sĭs)
The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents forward. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.5)
Peritoneal dialysis (pĕr-ĭ-tŏ-NĒ-ăl dī-ĂL-ĭ-sĭs)
A form of dialysis where the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) acts as a filter to remove waste from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly. (Chapter 5.7)
Peritoneum (pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĒ-ŭm)
A serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen and covering the abdominal organs. (Chapter 12.4)
Peritoneum (pĕr-ĭ-tō-NĒ-ŭm)
The membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the abdominal organs. (Chapter 7.6)
Peritonitis (pĕr-ĭt-ŏ-NĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers and supports most of your abdominal organs. (Chapter 12.4, Chapter 12.6)
Pernicious anemia (pĕr-nĭsh-ē-ŭs ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
Caused by poor absorption of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract. (Chapter 10.6)
Petechiae (pĕ-TĒK-ē-ī)
Small, pinpoint, nonblanching red or purple spots on the skin, often caused by minor hemorrhages or bleeding under the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Phagocytosis (făg-ō-sī-TŌ-sĭs)
The process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, forming an internal compartment known as a phagosome. (Chapter 11.5)
Phalanges (fă-LĂN-jēz)
The bones of the fingers and toes. (Chapter 13.4)
Phalanx (FĂ-lăngks)
A single bone of the fingers or toes. (Chapter 13.4)
Pharyngitis (fă-RĬN-JĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the pharynx, often resulting in a sore throat. (Chapter 4.4)
Pharynx (FAR-ĭnks)
The muscular tube extending from the back of the nasal cavities and the mouth to the esophagus, known as the throat. (Chapter 12.4)
Pharynx (FĂR-ĭngks)
Commonly known as the throat; a part of the neck and throat that is situated posteriorly to the mouth and nasal cavity and cranially to the esophagus and larynx. (Chapter 4.4)
Phimosis (fī-MŌ-sĭs)
A condition where the foreskin cannot be fully retracted over the glans penis, sometimes requiring circumcision for treatment. (Chapter 6.7)
Phlebectomy (flĕ-BĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove varicose veins. (Chapter 9.6)
Phlebotomist (flĕ-BOT-ŏ-mist)
A medical professional trained to withdraw blood or perform blood transfusions. (Chapter 10.7)
Phlebotomy (flĕ-BOT-ŏ-mē)
The practice of drawing blood from a vein, typically for laboratory testing or blood donation. (Chapter 10.4)
Photophobia (fō-tō-FŌ-bē-ă)
An extreme sensitivity to light, often causing discomfort or pain in the eyes. (Chapter 16.6)
Physical therapist assistants (FĬZ-ĭ-căl THĔR-ă-pĭst ă-SĬS-tănts) (PTA)
Skilled health care workers who work under the supervision of a physical therapist to provide therapy services. (Chapter 14.7)
Physical therapists (FĬZ-ĭ-căl THĔR-ă-pĭsts) (PT)
Healthcare professionals who provide services to individuals to develop, maintain, and restore maximum movement and functional ability throughout life. (Chapter 14.7)
Physiology
The function of body structures. (Chapter 2.2)
Pineal gland (PĪ-nē-ăl gland)
A small cone-shaped structure in the brain that produces melatonin, influencing reproductive development and physiological cycles. (Chapter 17.4)
Pinna (PĬN-ă)
Another term for the auricle, the visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head. (Chapter 15.4)
Pituitary gland (pĭ-TŪ-ĭ-tĕr-ē gland)
A pea-sized gland at the base of the brain, producing various hormones including GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, endorphins, and prolactin, influencing numerous bodily functions. (Chapter 17.4)
Placenta (plă-SEN-tă)
An organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, providing oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby and removing waste products. (Chapter 8.4)
Placenta abruptio (plă-SENT-ā ă-BRŬP-shē-ō)
A condition in which the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus prematurely during pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
Placenta previa (plă-SENT-ā PRĒ-vē-ă)
A condition in which the placenta covers the cervix, often leading to severe bleeding before or during delivery. (Chapter 8.4)
Plantar
The sole side of one’s foot. (Chapter 2.6)
Plantar flexion (PLĂN-tăr FLĔK-shŏn)
The movement of the foot in which the foot or toes flex downward toward the sole. (Chapter 14.5)
Plasma (plăz-mă)
The liquid component of blood in which the blood cells and other components are suspended. It plays a vital role in maintaining blood pressure and regulating body temperature. (Chapter 10.4)
Platelets (PLĀT-lĭts)
Also known as thrombocytes, these are small, colorless cell fragments in the blood whose main function is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot. (Chapter 10.4)
Pleural effusion (PLŪR-ăl ĕ-FYŪ-zhŭn)
A condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural space, the area between the layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest cavity. (Chapter 4.4)
Pleural rub (plur-uhl ruhb)
An abnormal lung sound that is caused by inflammation of the pleura membranes that results in friction as the surfaces rub against each other. (Chapter 4.5)
Pneumonia (nū-MŌ-nē-ă)
An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid or pus. (Chapter 4.4)
Polycystic kidney disease (pŏl-ē-SĬS-tĭk KĬD-nē dĭ-ZĒZ) (PKD)
A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, often leading to kidney failure. (Chapter 5.6)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (pŏl-ē-SĬS-tĭk Ō-vă-rē SĬN-drōm) (PCOS)
A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges. (Chapter 7.6)
Polycystic ovary syndrome (pŏl-ē-SĬS-tĭk Ō-văr-ē SĬN-drōm) (PCOS)
A hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age characterized by prolonged or infrequent menstrual periods, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries. (Chapter 17.6)
Polycythemia (pol-ē-sī-THĒM-ē-ă)
Refers to an elevated red blood cell count, which can be a normal response to living at high altitudes. (Chapter 10.6)
Polycythemia vera (pol-ē-sī-THĒM-ē-ă vee-ruh)
A bone marrow disease causing excessive production of immature red blood cells and other blood components, increasing blood viscosity. (Chapter 10.6)
Polydipsia (pŏl-ē-DĬP-sē-ă)
Excessive thirst, often a symptom of diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Polymenorrhea (pŏl-ē-mĕn-ō-RĒ-ă)
Condition characterized by frequent menstrual cycles, shorter than 21 days in length. (Chapter 7.5)
Polymyositis (pŏl-ē-mī-ō-SĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of many muscles. (Chapter 14.5)
Polypectomy (pŏl-ĭ-PĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of polyps from the colon or rectum. (Chapter 12.6)
Polyphagia (pŏl-ē-FĀ-jē-ă)
Excessive hunger or increased appetite, often a symptom of diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Polyuria (pŏl-ē-YŌŌR-ē-ă)
Excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine, frequently seen in diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Polyuria (pŏl-ē-ŪR-ē-ă)
The production of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine, often a symptom of conditions like diabetes. (Chapter 5.5)
Positron emission tomography scan (pŏz-Ĭ-trŏn ĭ-MĬSH-ən tŏ-mŏG-ră-fē skăn) (PET)
A diagnostic imaging test using a radioactive substance to look for disease in the body, often used for detecting cancer. (Chapter 4.7)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (pōst-TRŌ-măt-ĭk strĕs dĭs-ôr-dĕr) (PTSD)
A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. (Chapter 16.6)
Post-void residual (pōst voyd rĭ-ZĬD-ū-ăl)
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination, as measured for diagnostic purposes. (Chapter 5.6)
Posterior
The back or direction toward the back of the body. For example, the shoulder blades are on the posterior side of the chest. (Chapter 2.6)
Posterior cruciate ligament (pŏs-TĪR-ē-ŏr KRŪ-shē-āt LĬG-ă-mĕnt) (PCL)
A ligament in the knee that crosses behind the ACL and connects the femur to the tibia. (Chapter 13.4)
Postpartum (pōst-PÄR-tŭm)
The period after childbirth when the mother’s body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a pre-pregnancy state. (Chapter 8.4)
Postpartum hemorrhage (pōst-PÄR-tŭm HEM-ŏr-ij)
Heavy bleeding after giving birth, which can be a serious complication. (Chapter 8.5)
Preeclampsia (prē-ĕ-KLAMP-sē-ă)
A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to another organ system, often the kidneys. (Chapter 8.5)
Prefix (P)
A word component that appears at the beginning of the medical term and adds meaning to the word root. Prefixes often indicate number, position, direction, time, or negation. (Chapter 1.2)
Prefrontal cortex (prē-FRŎN-tăl KÔR-tĕks)
The front part of the frontal lobe, involved in complex behaviors such as planning, and contributing to personality development. (Chapter 16.4)
Premature infant (prē-mă-CHŪR IN-fănt)
An infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation. (Chapter 8.5)
Premature preterm rupture of membranes (prē-mă-CHŪR prē-tûrm RŬP-chĕr ŏv MEM-brānz) (PPROM)
Rupture of the amniotic sac before 37 weeks of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.5)
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (prē-MĔN-strŭ-ăl dis-FŌR-ĭk) (PMDD)
A severe form of PMS characterized by significant mood disturbances. (Chapter 7.6)
Premenstrual syndrome (prē-MĔN-strŭ-ăl SĬN-drōm) (PMS)
A group of symptoms that occur in women, typically between ovulation and a period. (Chapter 7.6)
Prenatal (prē-NĀT-ăl)
Pertaining to the period before birth, during pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
Prepuce (PRĒ-pyūs)
Another term for foreskin, the skin covering the glans of the penis. (Chapter 6.4)
Presbycusis (prez-bĭ-KŪ-sĭs)
Age-related hearing loss, often due to gradual nerve degeneration and other changes in the inner ear. (Chapter 15.5)
Presbyopia (prez-bī-Ō-pē-ă)
An age-related condition in which the ability to focus on close objects decreases over time. (Chapter 15.5)
Pressure injuries
Damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue usually over a bony prominence or related to a medical or other device due to unrelieved pressure. (Chapter 3.5)
Preterm labor (PRĒ-tûrm LĀ-bŏr)
Labor occurring between 20 and 37 weeks of gestation. (Chapter 8.5)
Priapism (PRĪ-ă-pĭzm)
A prolonged and often painful erection of the penis not associated with sexual desire. (Chapter 6.5)
Probiotics (prō-bī-OT-ĭks)
Live bacteria and yeasts that are good for your health, especially your digestive system. (Chapter 12.5)
Proctocolectomy (prŏk-tō-kō-LEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon. (Chapter 12.6)
Proctologist (prŏk-TOL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the rectum and anus. (Chapter 12.7)
Proctoscope (PRŎK-tă-skōp)
An instrument for examining the rectum. (Chapter 12.4)
Progesterone (pro-JĔS-tĕr-ōn)
A hormone released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays a role in the menstrual cycle and in maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. (Chapter 7.5)
Progesterone (prō-JĔS-tĕ-rōn)
A hormone released by the ovaries that regulates the condition of the endometrium, which is important for maintaining pregnancy. (Chapter 17.4)
Prolactin (prō-LĂK-tĭn)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, primarily involved in milk production in breastfeeding mothers. (Chapter 17.4)
Prolapse (PRŌ-laps)
The slipping down or displacement of an organ or part, such as the uterus. (Chapter 7.6)
Pronation (prō-NĀ-shŭn)
The act of turning the palm downward or when applied to the foot, the inward roll of the foot/ankle. (Chapter 14.5)
Prone
The position of lying on one’s abdomen. (Chapter 2.6)
Prostate (PRŌS-tāt)
A gland in the male reproductive system that produces some of the fluid in semen. (Chapter 6.4)
Prostate cancer (PRŌS-tāt KAN-sĕr)
A form of cancer that develops in the prostate gland. (Chapter 6.6)
Prostate-specific antigen (PRŌS-tāt spĕ-SIF-ĭk AN-tĭ-jĕn) (PSA)
A protein produced by the prostate gland; elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer. (Chapter 6.6)
Prostatitis (prŏs-tă-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can cause urinary problems and discomfort. (Chapter 6.6)
Prosthesis (PRŌS-thē-sĭs)
An artificial body part. (Chapter 13.7)
Prothrombin time (PRŌ-thrŏm-bĭn tīm) (PT)
A blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot, used to check for bleeding problems or the effects of anticoagulants. (Chapter 10.5)
Proximal
A position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. For example, the proximal end of the femur joins the pelvis. (Chapter 2.6)
Pruritus (proo-RĪT-ŭs)
Severe itching; a common symptom in various skin conditions and diseases. (Chapter 3.5)
Pruritus (PRŪ-rī-tŭs)
Itching or an uncomfortable irritation of the skin. (Chapter 4.6)
PSMA PET scan (PSMA PĒ-Ē-TĔ skăn)
An imaging test using a radioactive substance to detect prostate cancer cells by targeting PSMA protein. (Chapter 6.6)
Psoriasis (sō-RĪ-ə-sĭs)
A chronic autoimmune skin disease that speeds up the growth cycle of skin cells, causing red, itchy, scaly patches on the body, most commonly on the elbows, knees, and scalp. (Chapter 3.5)
Psychiatrist (sī-KĪ-ă-trĭst)
A medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders, including prescribing medication. (Chapter 16.7)
Psychiatry (sī-KĪ-ă-trē)
The medical specialty devoted to diagnosing, preventing, studying, and treating mental disorders. (Chapter 16.7)
Psychologists (sī-KŎL-ō-jĭstz)
Professionals who study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their environments. (Chapter 16.7)
Psychology (sī-KOL-ŏ-jē)
The study of the mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior. (Chapter 16.7)
Ptosis (TŌ-sĭs)
Drooping of the upper eyelid due to paralysis or disease, or as a congenital condition. (Chapter 14.6)
Puberty (PŪ-bĕr-tē)
The period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction. (Chapter 6.5)
Pubic symphysis (PYŪ-bĭk SĬM-fĭ-sĭs)
The joint between the two pubic bones at the front of the pelvis. (Chapter 13.4)
Pubis (PYŪ-bĭs)
The front part of the pelvic girdle, situated at the anterior part of the pelvis. (Chapter 13.4)
Puerperium (pū-ĕr-PĒ-rē-ŭm)
The period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal, approximately six weeks. (Chapter 8.6)
Pulmonary arteries (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē ăr-tĕ-rēs)
The arteries carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. (Chapter 4.5)
Pulmonary circulation (PŬL-mō-nĕ-rē sĭr-kyū-LĀ-shŭn)
The part of the circulatory system which carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. (Chapter 4.5)
Pulmonary edema (PŬL-mŏn-ăr-ē ĕ-DĒ-mă)
Fluid accumulation in the alveoli of the lungs, often caused by heart or kidney failure. (Chapter 4.5)
Pulmonary embolism (PŬL-mŏ-nā-rē ĕm-BŌ-lĭ-zŭm) (PE)
A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, usually caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs or other parts of the body. (Chapter 4.6)
Pulmonary function tests (PŬL-mŏ-nā-rē fŭnk-shŭn tĕsts) (PFTs)
A group of tests that measure how well the lungs take in and release air and how well they move gases such as oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s circulation. (Chapter 4.7)
Pulmonologist (pŭl-mŏn-ŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders related to the respiratory system. (Chapter 4.7)
Pulse (PULS)
The rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries resulting from heart contraction; can be felt over arteries close to the body’s surface. (Chapter 9.5)
Pulse oximeter (pŭls ŏk-SĬM-ĭ-tŏr)
A small, clip-like device that attaches to a body part, like toes or an earlobe, but most commonly to a finger, to measure the oxygen saturation of arterial blood. (Chapter 4.5)
Pupil (PŪ-pĭl)
The hole at the center of the eye that allows light to enter, its size is controlled by the iris. (Chapter 15.4)
Purpura (PUR-pyŏŏ-ră)
Larger areas of purple or red discolorations on the skin, often caused by bleeding underneath the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Pus (PŬS)
A thick fluid composed of leukocytes, bacteria, and dead tissues, typically associated with infection. (Chapter 3.5)
Pustule (PŬS-tūl)
A small blister or pimple on the skin containing pus. (Chapter 3.5)
Pyelonephritis (pī-ĕl-ō-nĕ-FRĪ-tĭs)
A type of urinary tract infection where one or both kidneys become infected and inflamed. (Chapter 5.6)
Pyloric sphincter (pĭ-LOR-ĭk SFINGK-tĕr)
A ring of smooth muscle at the end of the stomach, regulating the flow of partially digested food into the small intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Pyuria (pī-ŪR-ē-ă)
The presence of white blood cells in the urine, indicating an infection in the urinary tract. (Chapter 5.5)
Q
Quadriceps (KWŎD-rĭ-sĕps)
A large muscle group that includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh. (Chapter 14.4)
Quadriplegia or tetraplegia (kwŏd-rĭ-PLĒ-jē-ă or tĕt-ră-PLĒ-jē-ă)
Paralysis of all four limbs; tetraplegia is another term for the same condition. (Chapter 14.6)
Quickening (KWĬK-ĕn-ĭng)
The first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero, typically experienced by the mother around 16 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
R
Radiation oncologists (rā-dē-Ā-shŏn ŏn-KOL-ŏ-jĭsts)
Doctors who treat cancer using radiation therapy. (Chapter 7.6)
Radiation therapy (rā-dē-Ā-shŏn THĔR-ă-pē)
The use of high-energy rays to kill or damage cancer cells. (Chapter 7.6)
Radiation therapy (RĀ-dē-Ā-shŭn THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment using high-energy waves like X-rays to destroy cancer cells. (Chapter 6.6)
Radical hysterectomy (răd-ĭ-kăl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Extensive surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and sometimes other tissues for cancer treatment. (Chapter 7.7)
Radical laparoscopic prostatectomy (RAD-ĭ-kăl lăp-ă-RŎS-kŏ-pĭk prŌS-tă-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
Minimally invasive surgery using small incisions and a camera to remove the prostate. (Chapter 6.6)
Radical nephrectomy (răd-ĭ-kăl nĕf-RĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove the entire kidney, along with the adrenal gland, surrounding tissue, and often nearby lymph nodes, usually for cancer treatment. (Chapter 5.6)
Radical prostatectomy (RAD-ĭ-kăl prŌS-tă-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgery to remove the entire prostate gland and some surrounding tissue. (Chapter 6.6)
Radioactive iodine uptake (rā-dē-ō-ĂK-tĭv Ī-ŏ-dīn ŬP-tāk)
A diagnostic test that measures how much radioactive iodine is absorbed by the thyroid gland, used to evaluate thyroid function. (Chapter 17.7)
Radiofrequency ablation (RĀ-dē-ō-FRĒ-kwĕn-sē ă-blā-shŭn)
A medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of a tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from high-frequency alternating current. (Chapter 12.6)
Radiographs (RĀ-dē-ŏ-grăf)
Images produced on a sensitive plate or film by X-rays, gamma rays, or similar radiation, and used in medical examinations. (Chapter 4.6)
Radiologist (RĀ-dē-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using medical imaging (radiology) procedures such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography (PET), and ultrasound. (Chapter 13.7)
Radiology technologist (rā-dē-ŎL-ŏ-jē tĕk-nŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
Commonly called an X-ray tech, is a health care professional who is specially trained to perform medical imaging like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans. (Chapter 13.7)
Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RĀ-dē-ō-far-mă-SOO-tĭ-kăl THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment using radioactive drugs to target and kill cancer cells. (Chapter 6.6)
Radius (RĀ-dē-ŭs)
The lateral bone of the forearm, on the same side as the thumb. (Chapter 13.4)
Rales (rāylz)
An abnormal lung sound, also called fine crackles, that sound like popping or crackling sounds on inspiration. Rales are associated with medical conditions that cause fluid accumulation within the alveolar and interstitial spaces, such as heart failure or pneumonia. (Chapter 4.5)
Random blood glucose (răn-dŏm blŭd GLŪ-kōs)
A test measuring the sugar levels in the blood at any given time, regardless of when the last meal was consumed, utilized to monitor and manage blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. (Chapter 17.6)
Range-of-motion testing (rānj ŏv mō-shŏn tĕs-tĭng) (ROM)
A procedure that measures the extent of movement in a particular joint. (Chapter 14.7)
Rash
An area of redness and small spots on the skin due to allergy or illness. (Chapter 3.5)
Receptive aphasia (rĭ-SEP-tĭv ă-FĀ-zh-ē-ă)
A form of aphasia where individuals have trouble understanding spoken or written language. (Chapter 16.5)
Rectocele (RĔK-tō-sēl)
A posterior vaginal prolapse where the rectum protrudes into the vagina. (Chapter 7.6)
Rectum (REK-tŭm)
The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus. (Chapter 12.4)
Rectus abdominis (RĔK-tŭs ăb-DŌM-ĭ-nĭs)
A paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen. (Chapter 14.4)
Red blood cells (rĕd blŭd sĕls) (RBCs)
Cells in the blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and return carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs for exhalation. (Chapter 10.4)
Reflux (RĒ-flŭks)
The backward flow of stomach contents into the esophagus or throat, causing heartburn or acid indigestion. (Chapter 12.5)
Regurgitation (rē-gŭr′-jĭ-tā′-shŭn)
The backward flow of blood through a heart valve, indicating that the valve isn’t closing properly. (Chapter 9.6)
Renal (RĒ-năl)
Pertaining to the kidneys. (Chapter 5.4)
Renal calculus (RĒ-năl KĂL-kŭ-lŭs)
Another term for a kidney stone. (Chapter 5.6)
Renal transplant (RĒ-năl TRĂNS-plănt)
Surgical procedure to place a functioning kidney from a donor into a person with end-stage renal disease. (Chapter 5.7)
Respiration (rĕs-pĭ-RĀ-shŏn)
The process of inhaling oxygen from the air and exhaling carbon dioxide out of the body. It is a vital function for the survival of humans and many other organisms, facilitating the exchange of gases in the lungs and tissues. (Chapter 4.5)
Respiratory rate (RES-pĭr-ă-tō-rē rāt)
The number of breaths a person takes per minute. (Chapter 4.5)
Respiratory syncytial virus (rĕs-pĭ-RĂ-tōr-ē SĬN-sĭ-shē-ăl VĪ-rŭs) (RSV)
A common and highly contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract. It can lead to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older children but can be severe in infants, young children, and older adults, especially those with underlying health conditions. (Chapter 4.6)
Respiratory therapists (rĕ-spĭr-ă-tōr-ē THĔR-ă-pĭsts)
Health care professionals who specialize in providing care for patients with breathing or other cardiopulmonary disorders. (Chapter 4.7)
Retina (RĔT-ĭ-nă)
The innermost layer of the eye, containing photoreceptors and nerve cells for initial processing of visual stimuli. (Chapter 15.4)
Retrograde pyelography (rĕ-trō-grād pī-ĕ-lō-gră-fē)
A type of X-ray examination of the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys and ureters, typically performed during a cystoscopy. (Chapter 5.7)
Rh factor (Ār āch FAK-tŏr)
An antigen found on red blood cells; individuals can be Rh positive (Rh+) if they have the antigen or Rh negative (Rh−) if they lack it. (Chapter 10.4)
Rh negative (Ār-āch NĔG-ă-tĭv) (Rh−)
Individuals who lack the Rh factor antigen on their red blood cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Rh positive (Ār-āch PŌZ-ĭ-tĭv) (Rh+)
Individuals who have the Rh factor antigen present on their red blood cells. (Chapter 10.4)
Rhabdomyolysis (răb-dō-mī-ŎL-ĭ-sĭs)
A serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury, resulting from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. (Chapter 14.6)
Rheumatoid arthritis (rū-mă-toid är-thrī-tĭs) (RA)
A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints. (Chapter 13.6)
Rheumatologists (rū-mă-tŏl-ŏ-jĭsts)
Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and systemic autoimmune conditions commonly referred to as rheumatic diseases. (Chapter 13.7)
Rheumatology (rū-mă-tŏl-ŏ-jē)
The study of inflammatory or infectious conditions of the joints and other parts of the musculoskeletal system. (Chapter 13.7)
Rhinitis (rye-NYE-tis)
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa. (Chapter 4.4)
Rhinorrhagia (rī-nō-RĀ-jē-ă)
Bleeding from the nose, also known as epistaxis. (Chapter 4.4)
Rhinorrhea (rye-noh-REE-uh)
Excess mucous production by the nasal cavities, commonly referred to as a “runny nose.” (Chapter 4.4)
RhoGAM (RŌ-găm)
A medication administered to Rh negative mothers during pregnancy and after birth to prevent the development of Rh antibodies, thereby averting hemolytic disease of the newborn in Rh positive fetuses. (Chapter 10.4)
Rhonchi (rŏng-kahy)
An abnormal lung sounds, also referred to as coarse crackles, that are are low-pitched, continuous sounds heard on expiration that are a sign of turbulent airflow through mucus in the large airways. (Chapter 4.5)
Rhytidectomy (rĭt-ĭ-DEK-tə-mē)
A cosmetic surgical procedure, commonly known as a facelift, to remove wrinkles and sagging skin. (Chapter 3.6)
Rickets (RIK-ĕts)
A disease of children caused by vitamin D deficiency, characterized by imperfect calcification, softening, and distortion of the bones typically resulting in bowed legs. (Chapter 3.4)
Rickets (RĬK-ĭts)
A disease in children caused by extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency. (Chapter 13.6)
Robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (ROH-bot ă-SĬS-tĕd lăp-ă-RŎS-kŏ-pĭk RAD-ĭ-kăl prŌS-tă-TĔK-tŏ-mē)
A robotic surgery method for prostate removal using laparoscopic techniques. (Chapter 6.6)
Rosacea (rō-ZĀ-shē-ă)
A chronic skin disorder characterized by facial redness, small, red, pus-filled bumps, and visible blood vessels, often on the nose and cheeks. (Chapter 3.5)
Rotation (rō-TĀ-shŏn)
Circular movement around a central point. Internal rotation is toward the center of the body, and external rotation is away from the center of the body. (Chapter 14.5)
Rotator cuff (RŌ-tā-tŏr kŭf)
A group of muscles and tendons surrounding the shoulder joint, keeping the head of the humerus firmly within the shallow socket of the shoulder. (Chapter 14.4)
Rule of Nines
A method used in calculating body surface area affected by burns. (Chapter 3.5)
S
Sacrum (SĀ-krŭm)
A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of sacral vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Sagittal (lateral) plane
A vertical plane running from front to back that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs directly down the middle of the body, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. If the plane divides the body into unequal right and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or longitudinal section. (Chapter 2.7)
Salivary (SĂL-ĭ-văr-ē)
Related to or producing saliva. (Chapter 12.4)
Salpingectomy (sal-pĭn-JEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of one or both Fallopian tubes. (Chapter 7.7)
Salpingo-oophorectomy (săl-pĭng-gō-ō-ŏf-ō-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of a Fallopian tube and its corresponding ovary. (Chapter 7.7)
Scabies (SKĀ-bēz)
An infection caused by tiny mites that burrow into the skin, leading to intense itching. (Chapter 3.5)
Scapula (SKĂP-yŭ-lă)
The shoulder blade, a large triangular bone on the back of the shoulder. (Chapter 13.4)
Scar (skăr)
A mark left on the skin or within body tissue where a wound, burn, or sore has not healed completely, and fibrous connective tissue has developed. (Chapter 3.5)
Sciatica (sī-ăt-ĭ-kă)
Pain affecting the back, hip, and outer side of the leg, caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve. (Chapter 16.4)
Sclera (sklĕr-ă)
The white, outer layer of the eyeball that extends from the cornea to the optic nerve at the back of the eye. (Chapter 15.4)
Sclerotherapy (sklĕr-ō-THER-ă-pē)
A procedure used to treat varicose veins and spider veins by injecting a solution directly into the vein. (Chapter 9.6)
Scoliosis (skō-lē-Ō-sĭs)
An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. It can vary in severity and may require treatments such as bracing or surgery in more severe cases. (Chapter 13.6)
Scrotum (SKRŌ-tŭm)
A pouch of skin containing the testicles and part of the spermatic cord. (Chapter 6.4)
Sebaceous gland (sĕ-BĀ-shŭs glănd)
A small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hair. (Chapter 3.4)
Second-degree burn
A burn marked by pain, blistering, and superficial destruction of dermis with edema and hyperemia of the tissues beneath the burn. (Chapter 3.5)
Seizure (sē-zhŭr)
An uncontrolled electrical disturbance in the brain, which can cause changes in behavior, movements, feelings, and levels of consciousness. (Chapter 16.6)
Semen (SĒ-mĕn)
The fluid that is ejaculated during orgasm, containing sperm and secretions from the male reproductive glands. (Chapter 6.4)
Semen analysis (SĒ-mĕn ă-NĂL-ĭ-sĭs)
A test to evaluate the characteristics of a male’s semen and the sperm contained therein, often used to assess fertility. (Chapter 6.7)
Seminal vesicle biopsy (SEM-ĭ-năl VES-ĭ-kĕl BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure to remove fluid from seminal vesicles for cancer cell examination. (Chapter 6.6)
Seminal vesicles (SEM-ĭ-năl VES-ĭ-kĕlz)
Glandular pouches that secrete semen into the ejaculatory duct. (Chapter 6.4)
Seminiferous tubules (sem-ĭ-NIF-ĕr-ŭs TŪ-būls)
Narrow, coiled tubules inside the testes where sperm are produced. (Chapter 6.4)
Sensorineural hearing loss (sĕn-sō-rē-NOOR-ăl HĒR-ing LŎS)
A type of hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. (Chapter 15.5)
Sensorium (sĕn-SAWR-ē-ŭm)
The sensory apparatus or faculties considered as a whole. (Chapter 16.5)
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SĔN-tĭ-nĕl limf nōd BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure used to find the best lymph nodes to biopsy, involving the injection of a radioactive tracer or dye near the tumor. (Chapter 11.7)
Sepsis (SĔP-sĭs)
A life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to an infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Sepsis can lead to significant health complications or death, especially if not recognized early and treated promptly. It often presents with fever, increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, and confusion. (Chapter 5.6)
Septum (SĔP-tŭm)
The structure separating the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils. (Chapter 4.4)
Seroconversion (sē-rō-kŏn-VĔR-zhŏn)
The presence of detectable anti-HIV antibodies in a person’s blood, indicating a positive HIV test. (Chapter 11.6)
Serous membranes
A type of epithelial membrane that is contained in body cavities and is composed of layers. A parietal layer lines the walls of a body cavity, and a visceral layer covers the organ within the body cavity. Between the parietal and visceral layers is a thin, fluid-filled serous space. Serous membranes provide protection to the organs they enclose by reducing friction that can lead to inflammation of the organs. There are three body cavities with serous membranes, including the pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), and peritoneum (several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity). (Chapter 2.5)
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (sē-vēr kŏm-BĪND ĭm-yū-nō-dĕ-FISH-ĕn-sē dĭ-zēz) (SCID)
A serious disease caused by genetic defects leading to impaired B cell and T cell functioning. (Chapter 11.6)
Sexual intercourse (Sĕk-shū-ăl ĭn-tĕr-kōrs)
The physical act of sex, involving the insertion of the penis into the vagina. (Chapter 7.5)
Sexually transmitted disease (SEKS-ū-ă-lē trăns-MĬT-ed dĭ-ZĒZ) (STD)
Diseases that are primarily transmitted through sexual activity. (Chapter 6.6)
Sexually transmitted infection (SEKS-ū-ă-lē trăns-MĬT-ed ĭn-FĔK-shŏn) (STI)
Infections typically spread through sexual contact. (Chapter 6.6)
Shingles (SHING-gĭlz)
A viral disease that causes painful rashes on the skin, caused by the varicella-zoster virus. (Chapter 3.5)
Sickle cell anemia (SĬK-l sĕl ā-NĒ-mē-ă)
A genetic disorder that causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape, which can block blood flow and cause serious problems in organs throughout the body. (Chapter 10.6)
Sigmoid colon (SIG-moyd KŌ-lŏn)
The S-shaped last part of the colon, leading into the rectum. (Chapter 12.4)
Sigmoidoscopy (sig-moy-DOS-kŏ-pē)
A medical examination of the sigmoid colon by means of a sigmoidoscope. (Chapter 12.7)
Simple nephrectomy (sĭm-pĭl nĕf-RĔK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove a kidney, typically for conditions like severe damage or cancer. (Chapter 5.6)
Single-photon emission computerized tomography scan (sĭng′-gŭl fō′-tŏn ē-mĭsh′-ŭn kŏm-pyū′-tə-rīzd tŏ-mŏg′-rə-fē skăn) (SPECT)
A type of nuclear medicine scan that provides detailed images of internal organs, including the heart. (Chapter 9.7)
Sinusitis (sī-nŭ-SĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of the sinus cavities. (Chapter 4.4)
Skeletal muscles (SKĔL-ĕ-tăl MŬS-ălz)
Voluntary muscles attached to the skeleton, responsible for movement, posture, and balance. (Chapter 14.4)
Skin ulcer (‘skin ŬL-sĕr)
An open sore on an external or internal surface of the body, caused by a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal. (Chapter 3.5)
Skull fracture (skŭl FRĂK-chŭr)
A break in one or more of the bones in the skull, often caused by a blow to the head. (Chapter 16.6)
Small bowel resection (SMOL BOW-ĕl rĭ-SĔK-shŭn)
Surgical removal of part of the small intestine. (Chapter 12.6)
Small intestine (SMOL IN-tĕs-tĭn)
The part of the intestine where most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs, extending between the stomach and large intestine. (Chapter 12.4)
Smooth muscle (SMŎŎTH MŬS-ăl)
Involuntary, non-striated muscle that is found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach, intestine, and blood vessels, controlling their movements. (Chapter 14.4)
Soft palate (SOFT PAL-āt)
The fleshy, flexible part towards the back of the roof of the mouth. (Chapter 12.4)
Spastic (spăs-TĬK)
Relating to or affected by muscle spasm or increased reflexes. (Chapter 14.6)
Spasticity (spăs-TĬS-ĭ-tē)
A feature of altered skeletal muscle performance with a combination of paralysis, increased tendon reflex activity, and hypertonia. (Chapter 14.6)
Speculum (SPEK-yŭ-lŭm)
An instrument used to widen the opening of the vagina during medical examinations. (Chapter 7.6, Chapter 7.7)
Speech (spēch)
The expression of thoughts and feelings by articulating sounds. (Chapter 16.5)
Sperm (SPURM)
Male reproductive cells involved in sexual reproduction. (Chapter 6.5)
Spermatic cord (spur-MAT-ĭk KORD)
A bundle of nerves, ducts, and blood vessels connecting the testicles to the abdominal cavity. (Chapter 6.4)
Spermatocele (spĕr-MĂT-ō-sēl)
A fluid-filled cyst in the epididymis, often painless and found near the testicles. (Chapter 6.6)
Spermatogenesis (spur-mă-tō-JĔN-ĕ-sĭs)
The process of sperm cell development. (Chapter 6.5)
Sphenoid (SFĒ-noid)
Pertaining to the sphenoid bone, a complex bone at the base of the skull. (Chapter 13.4)
Sphincters (SFĬNK-tĕrz)
Circular muscles that constrict and close a natural body passage; in the urinary system, they control the release of urine from the bladder. (Chapter 5.4)
Sphygmomanometer (sfĭg-mō-măn-ŎM-ĕt-ĕr)
An instrument used to measure blood pressure, commonly referred to as a blood pressure cuff. (Chapter 9.5, Chapter 9.6)
Spinal cavity
Part of the dorsal (posterior) cavity; the spinal cavity (vertebral cavity) encloses the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebral column and cerebrospinal fluid. (Chapter 2.3)
Spinal cord (spī-năl kôrd)
The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue enclosed in the spine, connecting nearly all parts of the body to the brain. (Chapter 16.4)
Spinal nerves (spī-năl nĕrvz)
Nerves that originate in the spinal cord and branch out to provide motor and sensory functions to the body. (Chapter 16.4)
Spiral (spī-răl)
Bone has twisted apart. (Chapter 13.6)
Spirometry (spī-RŎM-ĕ-trē)
A common office test used to assess how well the lungs work by measuring how much air is inhaled, how much is exhaled, and how quickly it is exhaled. (Chapter 4.7)
Spleen (splēn)
An organ in the upper far left part of the abdomen, to the left of the stomach, which filters blood and is involved in immune response. (Chapter 11.4)
Spleen (splēn)
An organ that serves as a storage site for red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets, filters antigens, and plays a role in the destruction of old RBCs and the breakdown of hemoglobin. (Chapter 10.4)
Splenectomy (splĕ-NEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the spleen, which can lead to reduced immune function and an increased risk of infection. (Chapter 10.4)
Splenectomy (splĕ-NĔK-tŏ-mē)
The surgical removal of a diseased or damaged spleen. Individuals who have had a splenectomy are at increased risk of infection for the remainder of their lives due to the spleen’s role in the immune system. (Chapter 11.7)
Splenomegaly (splē-nō-MĔG-ă-lē)
Enlargement of the spleen, which can occur due to various reasons such as systemic infection, sickle cell disease, or cancer. (Chapter 10.4)
Spondylosis (spŏn-dĭ-LŌ-sĭs)
A painful condition of the spine resulting from the degeneration of intervertebral disks. (Chapter 13.4)
Sprain (sprān)
An injury to ligaments caused by a wrench or twist, typically resulting in pain, swelling, and difficulty in movement. (Chapter 14.6)
Sputum (SPŪT-ŭm)
Mucous secretions from the respiratory tract that can be expelled through the mouth. (Chapter 4.4)
Sputum culture (SPYŌŌ-tŭm KŬL-chŭr)
A test to detect and identify bacteria or fungi that are infecting the lungs or breathing passages. (Chapter 4.7)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SKWĀ-mŭs sel kar-sĭn-Ō-mă)
A common form of skin cancer that originates in the squamous cells of the skin; often due to UV exposure and can metastasize if not treated. (Chapter 3.5)
Stapedectomy (stā-pĕ-DEK-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to remove part or all of the stapes bone and replace it with a prosthesis to improve hearing. (Chapter 15.5)
Stapes (STĀ-pēz)
A stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, attached to the inner ear where sound waves are converted into neural signals. (Chapter 15.4)
Staphylococcus (stăf-ə-lō-KŌK-ŭs)
A genus of gram-positive bacteria. (Chapter 3.5)
Steatorrhea (stē-ăt-ō-RĒ-ă)
The excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces. (Chapter 12.4)
Stem cell transplant (STĔM Sĕl TRĂNS-plănt)
Another term for bone marrow transplant, involving the replacement of diseased bone marrow with healthy stem cells. (Chapter 10.7)
Stenosis (stĕ-NŌ-sĭs)
The abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body, such as a blood vessel or a heart valve. (Chapter 9.6)
Sterilization (ster-ĭ-lī-ZĀ-shŭn)
A permanent method of contraception that prevents pregnancy in women and the release of sperm in men. (Chapter 6.7)
Sternum (STŬR-nŭm)
The breastbone, a long flat bone in the center of the chest. (Chapter 13.4)
Stethoscope (STETH-ŏ-skōp)
An instrument used to listen to heart and lung sounds, referred to as auscultation. (Chapter 9.4)
Stethoscope (STĔTH-ō-skōp)
A medical instrument used for listening to the internal sounds of an organism, typically used for heart and lung sounds. (Chapter 4.5)
Stillbirth (STĬL-bûrth)
Loss of a fetus after 20 weeks’ gestation, also called intrauterine fetal demise. (Chapter 8.5)
Stillborn (STIL-bōrn)
The birth of a fetus that has died in the uterus, typically after surviving at least the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. (Chapter 8.4)
Stimulation (STĬM-yū-LĀ-shŏn)
Also called superovulation, this therapy refers to administering fertility medication to boost egg production. (Chapter 8.6)
Stoma (STŌ-mă)
An artificial opening made into a hollow organ, especially one on the surface of the body leading to the gut or trachea. (Chapter 12.6)
Stomach (STUM-ăk)
A sac-like organ of the digestive system that mixes food with gastric juices to begin the digestion of proteins. (Chapter 12.4)
Stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the mouth and lips. (Chapter 12.4)
Stool culture (stōōl KUL-chŭr)
A test to detect and identify bacteria that cause infections of the lower digestive tract. (Chapter 12.7)
Stool DNA test (stool dē-ĕn-ā tĕst)
A test that checks stool samples for certain DNA markers that cells from colorectal cancer or polyps shed into the stool. (Chapter 12.7)
Strabismus (stră-BĬZ-mŭs)
A condition where the eyes do not properly align with each other when looking at an object. (Chapter 15.5)
Strain (strān)
An injury to a muscle or tendon in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching, often causing pain and inflammation. (Chapter 14.6)
Streptococcus (strĕp-tō-KŌK-ŭs)
A genus of coccus (spherical) bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the lactic acid bacteria group. (Chapter 3.5)
Stress (strĕs)
Small crack in a bone. (Chapter 13.6)
Stress urinary incontinence (strĕs YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē ĭn-KŎN-tĭ-nĕns)
Involuntary leakage of urine during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or exercising. (Chapter 5.6)
Striae (STRĪ-ē)
Commonly referred to as stretch marks; long, narrow streaks, stripes, or lines that develop on the skin, often due to rapid stretching of the skin. (Chapter 3.5)
Striae (STRĪ-ē)
Streaks or lines on the skin, typically caused by rapid stretching and hormone changes, as seen in Cushing’s syndrome. (Chapter 17.6)
Striated (STRĪ-ā-tĕd)
Muscle tissue characterized by the presence of striations, or alternating light and dark bands, typically found in skeletal and cardiac muscles. (Chapter 14.4)
Stricture (STRIK-chŭr)
A narrowing of a tube or passage in the body, such as the urethra, often leading to restricted flow of fluids like urine. (Chapter 5.7)
Stridor (strī-door)
An abnormal lungs sound heard during inspiration that is associated with obstruction of the trachea/upper airway. (Chapter 4.5)
Stye (STĪ)
An infection of an oil gland in the eyelid, leading to a painful, red swelling on the eyelid. (Chapter 15.5)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (sŭb-ă-răk-NOYD HĔM-ŏr-ĭj)
A type of stroke caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, leading to sudden severe headache and other symptoms. (Chapter 16.6)
Subcutaneous (sŭb-kū-TĀ-nē-ŭs)
Also known as hypodermis tissue; the deeper tissue composed of fat and connective tissue. (Chapter 3.4)
Subdural hematoma (sŭb-DŪ-răl hĕm-ă-TŌ-mă)
A type of hematoma, usually associated with traumatic brain injury, involving bleeding in the outermost meningeal layer, just under the skull. (Chapter 16.6)
Sublingual (sŭb-LING-gwăl)
Underneath the tongue. (Chapter 12.4)
Subtotal hysterectomy (sŭb-tō-tăl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of part of the uterus, leaving the cervix in place. (Chapter 7.7)
Suffix (S)
A word component at the end of the medical term that usually indicates a procedure, condition, or disease. (Chapter 1.2)
Superficial
A position or direction closer to the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones. (Chapter 2.6)
Superior or cranial
A position above or higher than another part of the body. For example, the head is superior to the neck. (Chapter 2.6)
Superior vena cava (VĒ-nă KĀ-vă)
A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart. (Chapter 9.4)
Supination (sū-pi-NĀ-shŭn)
The act of turning the palm upwards or when applied to the foot, the outward roll of the foot/ankle. (Chapter 14.5)
Supine
The position of lying down on one’s back. (Chapter 2.6)
Surfactant (SŬR-făk-tănt)
A substance that reduces the surface tension of fluid in the lungs and helps make the alveoli more stable. (Chapter 4.4)
Surgeons (SŬR-jŏns)
Medical doctors who perform operations. (Chapter 7.6)
Surgery (SŬR-jĕr-ē)
Medical procedures involving the manual and instrumental techniques to treat diseases, injuries, or deformities. (Chapter 7.6)
Suturing (SOO-chər-ing)
The act of sewing or stitching up a wound or incision. (Chapter 3.6)
Sympathetic nervous system (sĭm-pă-THĔT-ĭk NUR-vŭs SIS-tĕm)
Part of the autonomic nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure. (Chapter 3.4)
Synapse (sĭn-ăps)
The junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. (Chapter 16.4)
Syncope (SING-kŏ-pē)
A temporary loss of consciousness or fainting, often related to insufficient blood flow to the brain. (Chapter 9.6)
Syndrome (SĬN-drōm)
A set of medical signs and symptoms that are correlated with each other and, often, with a specific disease. (Chapter 17.6)
Synovectomy (sĭn-ō-VĔK-tō-mē)
Surgical removal of the synovial membrane from a joint. (Chapter 13.4)
Synovial fluid (sĭ-NŌ-vē-ăl FLŌŌ-id)
A viscous fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints, reducing friction between the articular cartilage during movement. (Chapter 13.4)
Synovial joints (sĭ-NŌ-vē-ăl joints)
Highly movable joints where two bones are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. (Chapter 13.4)
Synovial membrane (sĭ-NŌ-vē-ăl MĔM-brān)
The lining of the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints, secreting synovial fluid for lubrication. (Chapter 13.4)
Synovial membranes
A type of connective tissue membrane that lines the cavities of joints that hold synovial fluid. Synovial fluid lubricates joints for movement. For example, synovial membranes surround the joints of the shoulder, elbow, and knee. (Chapter 2.5)
Syphilis (SIF-ĭ-lĭs)
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum, characterized by various stages including sores, rashes, and potentially serious systemic effects if untreated. (Chapter 6.6)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (sis-TĔM-ik LOO-pŭs ĕr-i-thē-mă-TO-sŭs) (SLE)
A chronic autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation and damage to various body tissues and organs, including the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and heart. (Chapter 3.5)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (sĭs-tĕm-ĭk lū-pŭs ĕr-ĕth-ĕm-ă-tō-sŭs)
Commonly referred to as lupus; a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body. (Chapter 13.6)
Systole (SIS-tŏ-lē)
The phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract and eject blood. (Chapter 9.5)
T
T cells (T sĕls)
A type of lymphocyte involved in cell-mediated immunity. (Chapter 11.4)
Tachycardia (tak-ē-KAR-dē-ă)
A condition where the heart rate is faster than normal, over 100 bpm in adults. (Chapter 9.5, Chapter 9.6)
Tachypnea (tăk-ĬP-nē-ă)
Rapid breathing. (Chapter 4.5)
Tampon (TĂM-pon)
A plug of soft material inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual blood. (Chapter 7.6)
Targeted therapy (TAR-gĕt-ed THĔR-ă-pē)
Cancer treatment that uses drugs to target specific genes and proteins involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells. (Chapter 6.6)
Targeted therapy (TĂR-gĭ-tĕd THĔR-ă-pē)
Treatment that uses drugs to target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and progression. (Chapter 7.6)
Tarsals (TĂR-sălz)
The bones in the rear part of the foot (the heel and the instep). (Chapter 13.4)
Telangiectasia (tĕl-an-jē-ĕk-TĀ-zē-ă)
Small, visible blood vessels near the surface of the skin; often appearing as red or purple lines. (Chapter 3.5)
Temporal (TĔM-pō-răl)
Related to the temporal bones of the skull, located at the lower sides. (Chapter 13.4)
Temporal lobe (tĕm-pŏ-răl lōb)
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for processing auditory information and is also involved in memory storage. (Chapter 16.4)
Temporomandibular joint (tĕm-pō-rō-MĂN-dĭ-bŭ-lăr) (TMJ)
The hinge joint connecting the temporal bone of the skull with the mandible. (Chapter 13.4)
Tendon (TĔN-dŏn)
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. (Chapter 13.4)
Tendonitis (tĕn-dŏ-NĪ-tĭs)
Inflammation of a tendon, often causing pain and swelling. (Chapter 14.6)
Tendons (TĔN-dŏns)
Tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that usually connect muscle to bone and are capable of withstanding tension. (Chapter 14.4)
Tenomyoplasty (tĕn-ō-MĪ-ō-plăs-tē)
A surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon. (Chapter 14.7)
Tenorrhaphy (tĕn-ŎR-ă-fē)
The surgical suturing of a tendon. (Chapter 14.7)
Teratogens (tĕr-AT-ŏ-jĕnz)
Agents that cause malformations in a developing embryo, including alcohol, drugs, diseases, chemicals, and environmental exposures. (Chapter 8.4, Chapter 8.5)
Testes (TĔS-tēz)
The male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone. (Chapter 6.4)
Testicular cancer (tĕs-TĬK-ū-lăr KAN-sĕr)
Cancer that originates in the testicles, typically diagnosed in younger men. (Chapter 6.6)
Testicular torsion (tĕs-TĬK-ū-lăr TOR-shŏn)
A medical emergency where the spermatic cord becomes twisted, cutting off blood supply to the testicle. (Chapter 6.6)
Testosterone (tĕs-TOS-tĕ-rōn)
A primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. (Chapter 6.5)
Testosterone (tĕs-TŌS-tĕ-rōn)
The primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics. (Chapter 17.4)
Tetralogy of Fallot (tĕt′ră-lō-jē ŏf fă-LŌ)
A serious congenital heart condition that includes four heart defects, leading to mixed blood flow and reduced oxygenation. (Chapter 9.6)
Thalamus (thăl-ă-mŭs)
A small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain with multiple functions, including relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. (Chapter 16.4)
Thalassemia (thal-ă- SĒM-ē-ă)
An inherited condition typically occurring in individuals from specific regions, characterized by abnormal maturation of red blood cells. (Chapter 10.6)
Third-degree burn
A severe burn characterized by destruction of the skin through the depth of the dermis and possibly into underlying tissues, loss of fluid, and sometimes shock. (Chapter 3.5)
Thoracentesis (thŏr-ă-sĕn-TĒ-sĭs)
A procedure to remove fluid from the space between the lining of the outside of the lungs (pleura) and the wall of the chest. (Chapter 4.7)
Thoracic (thō-RĂS-ĭk)
Pertaining to the thorax or the thoracic vertebrae in the upper back. (Chapter 13.4)
Thoracic cavity
Part of the ventral (anterior) cavity that is superior in position to the abdominopelvic cavity and enclosed by the rib cage. The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart. (Chapter 2.3)
Thoracic cavity (thō-RĂS-ĭk KĂV-ĭ-tē)
The area of the body located between the neck and the diaphragm, housing the lungs and heart. (Chapter 4.5)
Thoracic surgeon (thō-RĂS-ĭk SŬR-jŏn)
A surgeon who specializes in surgical procedures of the chest, including the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other organs in the chest. (Chapter 4.7)
Thrombocytes (thrŏm-bō-sītz)
Also known as platelets, these are blood cells responsible for blood clotting. (Chapter 10.4)
Thrombocytopenia (thrŏm-bō-sī-tō-PĒ-nē-ă)
A condition where there is an insufficient number of platelets, leading to ineffective blood clotting and potential for excessive bleeding. (Chapter 10.6)
Thrombocytosis (thrŏm-bō-sī-TŌ-sĭs)
A condition characterized by an abnormally high number of platelets in the blood, which can lead to thrombosis. (Chapter 10.6)
Thrombolysis (thrŏm-BOL-ĭ-sĭs)
A treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs. (Chapter 9.6)
Thrombolysis (thrŏm-BŎL-ĭ-sĭs)
The process of dissolving a blood clot, often achieved with medications like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). (Chapter 10.6)
Thrombosis (thrŏm-BŌ-sĭs)
The formation of a thrombus, a blood clot, within a blood vessel, potentially causing obstruction of blood flow. (Chapter 10.6)
Thrombus (THROM-bŭs)
A blood clot composed of platelets, red and white blood cells, and fibrin strands, potentially leading to decreased blood flow or life-threatening obstruction in blood vessels. (Chapter 10.6)
Thymus gland (THĪ-mŭs gland)
A specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system where T cells mature. (Chapter 11.4)
Thyroid gland (THĪ-rŏid gland)
An endocrine gland in the neck producing hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine, crucial for regulating metabolism and other body functions. (Chapter 17.4)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (THĪ-rŏid-STĬM-yū-lāt-ing HŌR-mōn) (TSH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. (Chapter 17.4)
Thyroidectomy (thī-rŏi-DĔK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. (Chapter 17.6, Chapter 17.7)
Thyroiditis (thī-royd-ĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can cause either high or low levels of thyroid hormones. (Chapter 17.6)
Thyroxine (thī-RŌK-sĭn) (T4)
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland, involved in regulating metabolism, heart rate, and growth and development in children. (Chapter 17.4)
Tibia (TĬB-ē-ă)
The shin bone, the larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg located on the medial side. (Chapter 13.4)
Tinea (TĪ-nē-ă)
A group of skin infections caused by a fungus, including conditions like ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch. (Chapter 3.5)
Tinea capitis (TĪ-nē-ă KĂP-ĭ-tĭs)
Scalp ringworm causing itchy, red patches on the head that can leave bald spots. (Chapter 3.5)
Tinea corporis (TĪ-nē-ă KŌR-pŏ-rĭs)
Ringworm; a fungal rash on the body that typically looks like a red ring with a clear center. (Chapter 3.5)
Tinea cruris (TĪ-nē-ă KRŌŏ-rĭs)
Jock itch; causes an itchy, burning rash in the groin area. (Chapter 3.5)
Tinea pedis (TĪ-nē-ă PĔD-ĭs)
Athlete’s foot, causing itching, burning, and cracked skin between the toes. (Chapter 3.5)
Tinnitus (tĭ-NĪ-tŭs)
A condition characterized by hearing ringing, buzzing, or other noises in the ear in the absence of external sound. (Chapter 15.5)
Tissue typing (TĬSH-ū tī-pĭng)
A process to ensure organ compatibility between a donor and recipient, involving the identification of unique human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). (Chapter 11.7)
Tongue (TUNG)
A muscular organ in the mouth, aiding in tasting, swallowing, and speaking. (Chapter 12.4)
Tonsillectomy (tŏn-sĭl-ĔK-tŏ-mē)
The surgical removal of the tonsils, often performed to address recurrent cases of tonsillitis or breathing issues. (Chapter 11.7)
Tonsillitis (tŏn-sĭl-Ī-tĭs)
Inflammation of the tonsils, often due to infection. (Chapter 11.7)
Tonsillitis (tŏn-sĭl-Ī-tĭs)
Inflammation of the tonsils. (Chapter 4.4)
Tonsils (TŎN-sĭls)
A pair of soft tissue masses located at the rear of the throat, part of the immune system. (Chapter 11.4)
Torsion (TOR-shŏn)
The twisting of the spermatic cord, which can cut off blood supply to the testicle. (Chapter 6.4)
Total abdominal hysterectomy (tō-tăl ăb-DŎM-ĭ-năl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdomen. (Chapter 7.7)
Total blindness (TŌ-tăl BLĪND-nĕss)
The complete absence of visual perception, characterized by the inability to perceive light or discern any visual images. (Chapter 15.5)
Total hip arthroplasty (tō-tăl hĭp är-thrŏ-plăs-tē) (THA)
Also called a total hip replacement (THR), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic. (Chapter 13.7)
Total hip replacement (tō-tăl hĭp rē-plās-mĕnt) (THR)
Also called a total hip arthroplasty (THA), the replacement of the head of the femur and acetabulum with replacement parts that are either metal, ceramic, or hard plastic. (Chapter 13.7)
Total hysterectomy (tō-tăl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix. (Chapter 7.7)
Total hysterectomy/bilateral salpingectomy oophorectomy (tō-tăl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē / bī-LĂT-ĕr-ăl săl-pĭn-JEK-tŏ-mē ō-ŏ-fŏ-REK-tŏ-mē) (TAH/BSO)
A surgical procedure involving the removal of the uterus (hysterectomy), both Fallopian tubes (salpingectomy), and both ovaries (oophorectomy). (Chapter 7.7)
Total knee arthroplasty (tō-tăl nē är-thrŏ-plăs-tē) (TKA)
Also called total knee replacement (TKR), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis. (Chapter 13.7)
Total knee replacement (tō-tăl nē rē-plās-mĕnt) (TKR)
Also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA), surgical removal of worn surfaces of the knee joint due to severe osteoarthritis. (Chapter 13.7)
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (tō-tăl lăp-ăr-ŏ-SKŌP-ĭk his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of the uterus using laparoscopic techniques, involving small incisions and a camera. (Chapter 7.7)
Total mastectomy (tō-tăl mas-TEK-tŏ-mē)
Surgical removal of the entire breast that has cancer. (Chapter 7.6)
Toxic shock syndrome (TŌK-sĭk SHŌK SĬN-drōm)
A rare, life-threatening complication of certain bacterial infections, associated with tampon use. (Chapter 7.6)
Trachea (TRĀ-kē-ă)
The windpipe; a tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, providing a pathway for air to enter the lungs. (Chapter 4.4)
Tracheostomy (trā-kē-ŎS-tŏ-mē)
A surgical procedure to create an opening through the neck into the trachea (windpipe) to allow direct access to the breathing tube. (Chapter 4.4)
Transesophageal echocardiogram (trăn-sē-sŏf-ă-JĒ-ăl ek-ō-KAR-dē-ō-gram)
An imaging test that uses sound waves to create detailed pictures of the heart via the esophagus. (Chapter 9.7)
Transient ischemic attacks (trăn-zhĕnt ĭs-KĒ-mĭk ă-tăks) (TIAs)
Often called a “mini-stroke,” a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke, indicating a high risk of a full-blown stroke in the future. (Chapter 16.6)
Transrectal biopsy (trans-RĔK-tăl BĪ-ŏp-sē)
Tissue sample removal from the prostate via the rectum for cancer testing. (Chapter 6.6)
Transrectal MRI (trans-RĔK-tăl ĕm-ĀR-ĀĪ)
Magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate gland through the rectum. (Chapter 6.6)
Transrectal MRI guided biopsy (trăns-RĔK-tăl MRĪ GĪ-ded BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to guide the removal of tissue samples from the prostate through the rectum. (Chapter 6.6)
Transrectal ultrasound (trans-RĔK-tăl ŬL-tră-sound)
A diagnostic procedure using ultrasound inserted through the rectum to visualize the prostate. (Chapter 6.6)
Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy (trăns-RĔK-tăl ŬL-tră-sound GĪ-ded BĪ-ŏp-sē)
A procedure in which a probe inserted into the rectum uses ultrasound to guide the removal of tissue samples from the prostate for analysis. (Chapter 6.6)
Transurethral (trans-ū-RĒ-thrăl)
Pertaining to going through or across the urethra. (Chapter 6.6)
Transurethral incision of the prostate (trans-ū-RĒ-thrăl in-SIZH-ŭn ŏv thĕ PRŌS-tāt) (TUIP)
A surgical procedure to make incisions in the prostate gland to treat urinary problems due to BPH. (Chapter 6.6)
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (trans-ū-RĒ-thrăl MĪ-krō-wāv THUR-mō-THĔR-ă-pē) (TUMT)
A treatment for BPH using microwave energy to reduce prostate size. (Chapter 6.6)
Transurethral resection of the prostate (trans-ū-RĒ-thrăl rĭ-SĔK-shŭn ŏv thĕ PRŌS-tāt) (TURP)
A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland to relieve urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate. (Chapter 6.6)
Transurethral resection of the prostate (trăns-yū-RĒ-thrăl rĭ-SĔK-shŭn ăv thĕ PRŌS-tāt) (TURP)
A surgical procedure to remove part of the prostate gland to treat urinary problems. (Chapter 5.6)
Transvaginal ultrasound (trăns-vă-jĭ-năl ŬL-tră-sound)
An ultrasound procedure where a probe is inserted. (Chapter 7.7)
Transverse (axial) plane
A horizontal plane that divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts. Transverse planes produce images often referred to as “cross sections.” (Chapter 2.7)
Transverse (trăns-vûrs)
Bone is broken straight across. (Chapter 13.6)
Transverse colon (trans-VURS KŌ-lŏn)
The middle part of the colon which travels across the abdomen. (Chapter 12.4)
Traumatic brain injury (trô-măt-ĭk brān ĬN-jŭ-rē) (TBI)
A form of brain injury caused by a blow, jolt, or other traumatic injury to the head or body, causing temporary or permanent damage. (Chapter 16.6)
Triceps brachii (TRĪ-sĕps BRĀ-kē-ī)
A major muscle of the upper arm that extends the elbow. (Chapter 14.4)
Trichomoniasis (trĭk-ō-mō-NĪ-ă-sĭs)
A common sexually transmitted infection caused by a protozoan parasite, often resulting in vaginal or urethral discharge. (Chapter 6.6)
Triiodothyronine (trī-ī-ō-dō-THĪ-rō-nēn) (T3)
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland, playing a vital role in metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature regulation. (Chapter 17.4)
Trimesters (TRĪ-mĕs-tĕrz)
Three periods of approximately three months each, into which a typical pregnancy is divided for medical purposes. (Chapter 8.4)
True ribs (TRŌŌ rĭbz)
The first seven pairs of ribs, which attach directly to the sternum. (Chapter 13.4)
Tubal ligation (TOO-băl lī-GĀ-shŏn)
A permanent surgical procedure for female sterilization, involving sealing, tying, or cutting the Fallopian tubes. (Chapter 7.5, Chapter 7.7)
Tuberculosis (tū-bĕr-kyū-lō-sĭs) (TB)
A serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (Chapter 4.6)
Tubo-ovarian abscess (TŪ-bō ō-VAR-ē-ăn ăb-sĕs)
An inflammatory mass involving the fallopian tube and ovary, often a complication of PID. (Chapter 7.6)
Tympanic membrane (tĭm-PĂN-ik MEM-brān)
Also known as the eardrum, it vibrates in response to sound waves. (Chapter 15.4)
Type 1 diabetes (tīp wŭn dī-ă-BĒ-tēz)
An autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in a lack of insulin and the need for life-long insulin therapy. (Chapter 17.6)
Type 2 diabetes (tīp tōō dī-ă-BĒ-tēz)
A chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance, where body cells do not respond effectively to insulin, often combined with a deficiency in insulin production, leading to high blood sugar levels. (Chapter 17.6)
U
Ulcerative colitis (UL-sĕr-ă-tiv kō-LĪ-tĭs)
A chronic, inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation in the digestive tract, specifically in the lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. (Chapter 12.6)
Ulna (ŬL-nă)
The medial bone of the forearm, on the same side as the pinky finger. (Chapter 13.4)
Umbilical cord (ŭm-BĬL-ĭ-kăl kŏrd)
A flexible cord-like structure containing blood vessels, connecting the fetus to the placenta. (Chapter 8.4)
Unilateral
One side of the body. (Chapter 2.6)
Upper gastrointestinal series (ŬP-ĕr GAS-trō-in-TĔS-tĭ-năl SĪR-ēz)
A series of X-rays of the patient’s esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. (Chapter 12.7)
Upper GI endoscopy (ŬP-ĕr Jī ĕn-DŎS-kŏ-pē en-DOS-kŏ-pē)
A procedure in which a thin scope with a light and camera at its tip is used to look inside the upper digestive tract — the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. (Chapter 12.7)
Upper respiratory infection (ŬP-er RES-pĭr-ă-tō-rē ĭn-FEK-shun) (URI)
A viral infection of one or more structures of the upper respiratory system, including the nose, nasal cavities, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx. (Chapter 4.4)
Urea (yū-RĒ-ă)
A nitrogenous compound produced in the liver as a waste product from the breakdown of proteins, excreted in the urine. (Chapter 5.5)
Urea breath test (yoo-RĒ-ă brĕth tĕst)
A diagnostic test for Helicobacter pylori using a special form of urea. (Chapter 12.6)
Ureter (YŪR-ĕ-tĕr)
A tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. (Chapter 5.4)
Ureteroscopy (yū-rĕ-tĕr-ŎS-kŏ-pē)
A procedure using a ureteroscope to examine or treat disorders of the urinary tract, especially the ureters and kidneys. (Chapter 5.7)
Urethra (yū-RĒ-thră)
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. (Chapter 5.4)
Urgency (ŬR-jĕn-sē)
A sudden, compelling need to urinate, often a symptom of urinary tract infections or overactive bladder. (Chapter 5.5)
Urinal (ŪR-ĭn-ăl)
A receptacle or device for collecting urine, especially in healthcare settings. (Chapter 5.5)
Urinalysis (yūr-ĭ-NĂL-ĭ-sĭs) (UA)
A test of the urine involving physical, chemical, and microscopic examination to detect disorders or diseases. (Chapter 5.7)
Urinary (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē)
Relating to urine or the organs of the urinary system. (Chapter 5.4)
Urinary catheterization (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē kăth-ĭ-tĕr-ī-ZĀ-shŭn)
The process of inserting a catheter into the bladder through the urethra for the purpose of draining urine. (Chapter 5.7)
Urinary incontinence (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē ĭn-KŎN-tĭ-nĕns)
The inability to control urination, resulting in involuntary leakage of urine. (Chapter 5.6)
Urinary retention (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē rĭ-TĔN-shŭn)
The inability to empty the bladder completely, resulting in accumulation of urine. (Chapter 5.6)
Urinary tract (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē trăkt)
The system of organs that produce, store, and eliminate urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. (Chapter 5.4)
Urinary tract infection (YŪR-ĭ-nĕr-ē trăkt ĭn-FĔK-shŭn) (UTI)
An infection in any part of the urinary system, most commonly the bladder and urethra. (Chapter 5.6)
Urinate (YŪR-ĭ-nāt)
The act of passing urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. (Chapter 5.4)
Urine culture and sensitivity (yū-rēn KŬL-chŭr ănd sĕn-sĭ-TĬV-ĭ-tē) (C&S)
A laboratory test to identify the bacteria causing a urinary tract infection and determine the most effective antibiotics for treatment. (Chapter 5.7)
Urine dip (yū-rēn dĭp)
A quick, initial screening test using a dipstick to detect abnormalities in urine, such as the presence of blood, protein, or signs of infection. (Chapter 5.7)
Urodynamic flow testing (yū-rō-dī-NĂM-ĭk flō tĕs-tĭng)
A series of diagnostic tests that assess the function of the bladder and urethra, specifically focusing on urine storage and release. (Chapter 5.7)
Urologist (yū-RŌL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in the treatment of disorders of the urinary system and male reproductive system. (Chapter 6.7)
Urologist (yū-RŎL-ŏ-jĭst)
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system and male reproductive organs. (Chapter 5.7)
Urology (yū-RŎL-ŏ-jē)
Study of the male and female urinary tract systems and the male reproductive system. (Chapter 6.7)
Urology (yū-RŎL-ŏ-jē)
Study of the male and female urinary systems as well as the male reproductive system. (Chapter 5.7)
Urticaria (ur-tĭ-KĀR-ē-ă)
Raised, itchy rashes on the skin, also known as hives. (Chapter 3.5)
Uterine artery embolization (ŪT-ĕ-rīn ăr-tĕr-ē ĕm-bō-lĭ-ZĀ-shŏn)
Another term for uterine fibroid embolization. (Chapter 7.6)
Uterine fibroid (ŪT-ĕ-rīn FĪ-brŏyd)
Benign tumors in the muscular wall of the uterus. (Chapter 7.6)
Uterine fibroid embolization (ŪT-ĕ-rīn FĪ-brŏyd ĕm-bō-lĭ-ZĀ-shŏn)
A procedure to block blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink. (Chapter 7.6)
Uterine prolapse (ŪT-ĕ-rīn PRŌ-laps)
A condition where the uterus sags or slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. (Chapter 7.6)
Uterus (YŪ-tĕr-us)
A muscular, pear-shaped organ responsible for housing and nourishing a developing fetus. (Chapter 7.4)
Uvula (YŪ-vyū-lă)
A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the throat. (Chapter 12.4)
Uvulitis (ū-vyŭ-LĪT-ĭs)
Inflammation of the uvula. (Chapter 12.4)
V
Vagina (vă-JĪN-uh)
A muscular canal serving as the entrance to the reproductive tract and the exit from the uterus during menstruation and childbirth. (Chapter 7.4)
Vaginal candidiasis (vă-jĭ-năl kăn-dĭ-DĪ-ă-sĭs)
A fungal infection in the vagina, commonly known as a yeast infection, causing itching and a thick, white discharge. (Chapter 7.6)
Vaginal hysterectomy (vă-jĭ-năl his-tĕ-REK-tŏ-mē)
Removal of the uterus through the vagina. (Chapter 7.7)
Vaginal prolapse (vă-jĭ-năl PRŌ-laps)
A condition where the vagina itself sags or slips out of its normal position. (Chapter 7.6)
Vagus nerve (VĀ-gŭs nĕrv)
A cranial nerve that extends from the brain stem to the abdomen, playing critical roles in the heart, lungs, and digestive tract functioning. (Chapter 16.4)
Valve replacement (vălv rē-plās′-mĕnt)
A surgical procedure to replace one or more of the heart’s valves with either an artificial or a biological valve. (Chapter 9.7)
Valvular heart disease (văl′-vyū-lăr härt dĭ-zēz′)
A condition in which one or more of the heart’s valves do not function properly, affecting blood flow within the heart. (Chapter 9.6)
Valvuloplasty (val-VŪ-lō-plas-tē)
A procedure to repair a narrowed heart valve. (Chapter 9.7)
Varicocele (VAR-ĭ-kō-sēl)
An enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, often associated with infertility. (Chapter 6.6)
Varicose veins (VAR-i-kōs VĀNZ)
Enlarged, swollen, and twisting veins, often appearing blue or dark purple as a result of faulty valves in the veins. (Chapter 9.6)
Vas deferens (VĀS DEF-ĕr-ĕnz)
The duct that conveys sperm from the testicle to the urethra. (Chapter 6.4)
Vascularized (VĂS-kū-lə-rīzd)
Richly supplied with blood vessels. (Chapter 3.4)
Vasectomy (vă-SEK-tō-mē)
A surgical procedure for male sterilization involving the cutting and sealing of part of each vas deferens. (Chapter 6.4, Chapter 6.7)
Veins (VĀNZ)
Blood vessels that return blood to the heart, including the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava. (Chapter 9.4)
Ventilation (vĕn-tĭ-LĀ-shŭn)
The movement of air in and out of the lungs. (Chapter 4.5)
Ventral (anterior) cavity
The body cavity that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. (Chapter 2.3)
Ventricles (vĕn-trĭ-kŭls)
Hollow, fluid-filled cavities within the brain that help to protect the brain and reduce its weight. (Chapter 16.4)
Ventricular fibrillation (ven-TRĬK-yū-lăr fĭb-rĭ-LĀ-shŏn) (V Fib)
A life-threatening heart rhythm where the ventricles quiver, instead of contracting, resulting in no cardiac output. (Chapter 9.6)
Ventricular septal defect (ven-TRĬK-yū-lăr SĔP-tăl dĭ-FĔKT)
A congenital heart defect where an opening exists in the septum between the left and right ventricles. (Chapter 9.6)
Ventricular tachycardia (ven-TRĬK-yū-lăr tak-ĭ-KAR-dē-ă) (V Tach)
A life-threatening rapid heart rhythm that originates from the ventricles. (Chapter 9.6)
Venules (VEN-yoolz)
Small veins that receive blood from capillaries and transport it to larger veins. (Chapter 9.4)
Vernix (VĔR-nĭks)
A greasy deposit covering the skin of a baby at birth. (Chapter 8.4)
Verruca (vĕr-ROO-kă)
Another term for a wart; a benign growth on the skin caused by a virus. (Chapter 3.5)
Vertebrae (VŬR-tĭ-brā)
The individual bones that make up the vertebral column (spine). (Chapter 13.4)
Vertebral column (vŭr-TĒ-brăl KŌL-ŭm)
The spinal column or backbone, consisting of multiple vertebrae. (Chapter 13.4)
Vertigo (VUR-tĭ-gō)
A sensation of spinning or dizziness, often caused by issues with the inner ear or vestibular system. (Chapter 15.4, Chapter 15.5)
Vesicle (VES-ĭ-kĭl)
A small, fluid-filled sac or blister within or under the epidermis. (Chapter 3.5)
Vesicoureteral reflux (vĕs-ĭ-kō-yū-RĒT-ĕr-ăl rē-FLŬKS) (VUR)
A condition where urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney damage. (Chapter 5.6)
Vestibule (ves-tĭ-būl)
A part of the inner ear that contributes to balance and spatial orientation. (Chapter 15.4)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (vĕs-tĭ-būl-ō-KŌ-klē-ăr nerv)
The nerve that carries auditory and balance information from the inner ear to the brain. (Chapter 15.4)
Villi (VĬL-ī)
Small, finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial lining of the intestinal wall, increasing the surface area for absorption. (Chapter 12.4)
Virus (VĪ-rŭs)
A microorganism that spreads infection by invading the body’s cells and replicating. (Chapter 3.5)
Visceral (VĬS-ĕr-ăl)
Relating to the internal organs of the body, especially those in the abdomen. (Chapter 12.5)
Viscosity (vĭs-KOS-ĭ-tē)
Refers to the state of being thick, sticky, and easily coagulable, as seen in conditions like polycythemia vera. (Chapter 10.6)
Visual acuity (VIZH-u-ăl ă-KŪ-ĭt-ē)
The sharpness or clearness of vision, typically measured with a Snellen chart. (Chapter 15.5, Chapter 15.6)
Visual impairment (VIZH-ŭ-al Im-PĀR-mĕnt)
A decrease in the ability to see to a significant degree, which may cause problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses or medication. (Chapter 15.5)
Vitiligo (vĭt-ĭ-LĪ-gō)
A disease that causes loss of skin color in blotches. (Chapter 3.5)
Voice-activated technology (vois-ăk-TĬV-ā-tĕd tĕk-NŎL-ŏ-jē)
Technology that is controlled through voice commands rather than manual operation, often used to assist individuals with mobility or dexterity issues. (Chapter 14.6)
Void (voyd)
To empty the bladder; to urinate. (Chapter 5.4)
Voiding cystourethrogram (VOY-dĭng SĬS-tō-ūr-ĒTH-rō-gram) (VCUG)
A medical imaging test used to examine the bladder and urethra while the bladder fills and empties. The test involves the insertion of a catheter into the bladder, through which a contrast dye is introduced, followed by X-ray imaging. VCUG is often used to diagnose issues like bladder and urethral dysfunction, vesicoureteral reflux, and urinary tract obstructions, especially in children. (Chapter 5.7)
Vomer (VŌ-mĕr)
A thin, flat bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum. (Chapter 13.4)
Vomiting (VOM-ĭ-ting)
Ejecting matter from the stomach through the mouth. (Chapter 12.5)
Vulva (VŬL-vă)
The external part of the female genitalia, which includes the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the opening of the vagina. (Chapter 7.4)
W
Wart (WART)
A small, benign growth on the skin caused by a virus; also called verruca. (Chapter 3.5)
Wernicke’s area (wĕr-nĭk-kēz ăr-ē-ă)
A region of the brain that is important for language development, located in the temporal lobe. (Chapter 16.4)
Wheal
An individual hive. (Chapter 3.4)
Wheezing (HWĒ-zĭng)
A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing, typically heard when exhaling, often associated with asthma or lung diseases. (Chapter 4.6)
White blood cells (wīt blŭd sĕls) (WBCs)
Cells of the immune system involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. (Chapter 10.4)
Word root (WR)
A word component that is the core of many medical terms and refers to the body part or body system to which the term is referring. (Chapter 1.2)
X
X-rays (ĕks-rāz)
Use a form of radiation that travels through the body and strikes an X-ray detector, forming an image that represents the “shadows” of objects inside the body. (Chapter 13.7)
Xeroderma (zē-rō-DUR-mă)
Excessively dry skin; often caused by environmental factors or certain skin conditions. (Chapter 3.5)
Xerostomia (zēr-ŏ-STŌ-mē-ă)
Dry mouth, often due to a decrease in saliva production. (Chapter 12.4)
Xiphoid process (ZĪ-foid PRŌ-sĕs)
The small, cartilaginous projection at the lower end of the sternum. (Chapter 13.4)
Y
Yeast infections (YĒST ĭn-FĕK-shŭns)
Infections commonly caused by the Candida fungus, leading to overgrowth and symptoms like itching and discharge. (Chapter 3.5)
Z
Zygomatic (zī-gō-MĂT-ĭk)
Related to the cheekbone or zygomatic bone. (Chapter 13.4)
Zygote (ZĪ-gōt)
The initial cell formed when a sperm cell fertilizes an ovum, representing the earliest developmental stage of the embryo. (Chapter 8.4)